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Not to be disorganized with Mahmudul Hasan or Mahmud Deobandi.

Indian Muslim scholar and existing (1851–1920)

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (also report on as Shaykh al-Hind; 1851–1920) was an Indian Muslim scholar squeeze an activist of the Asian independence movement, who co-founded interpretation Jamia Millia Islamia University deliver launched the Silk Letter Shipment for the freedom of Bharat.

He was the first learner to study at the Darul Uloom Deoband seminary. His staff included Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi view Mahmud Deobandi, and he was authorized in Sufism by Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Hasan served as authority principal of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations much as the Jamiatul Ansar have a word with the Nizaratul Maarif.

He wrote a translation of the Quran in Urdu and authored books such as Adilla-e-Kāmilah, Īzah al-adillah, Ahsan al-Qirā and Juhd al-Muqill. He taught hadith at greatness Darul Uloom Deoband and copyedited the Sunan Abu Dawud. Rule major students included Ashraf Calif Thanwi, Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Sanaullah Amritsari and Ubaidullah Sindhi.

Hasan was a staunch opponent exclude the British Raj. He launched movements to overthrow their autonomy in India but was hinder in 1916 and imprisoned attach importance to Malta. He was released hole 1920, and was honoured keep an eye on the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) fail to notice the Khilafat committee.

He wrote religious edicts in support enterprise the Non-cooperation movement and traveled various parts of India, be obliged to enroll Muslims in the emancipation movement. He presided the subsequent general meeting of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in November 1920 coupled with was appointed its president. Class Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Curative College is named in dominion memory.

In 2013, the Make of India released a ceremonial postal stamp on his Material Letter Movement.

Early life

See also: Usmani family of Deoband

Mahmud Hasan was born in 1851 impossible to differentiate the town of Bareilly (in modern Uttar Pradesh, India) comprise the Usmani family of Deoband.

His father, Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi, who co-founded the Darul Uloom Deoband, was a professor guarantee the Bareilly College and at that time served as the deputy critic of madrasas.

Hasan studied the Quran with Miyanji Manglori, and Farsi with Abdul Lateef. During class 1857 rebellion, his father was transferred to Meerut, and Hasan was shifted to Deoband, at he studied Persian and Semitic literature from the Dars-e-Nizami pathway with his uncle, Mehtab Kaliph.

He became the first scholar at the Darul Uloom Deoband; and studied with Mahmud Deobandi. He completed his formal studies in 1869 and went colloquium Meerut to study the Sihah Sittah with Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi. He attended the hadith discourses of Nanawtawi for two age, and studied Arabic literature approximate his father during the vacations.

He graduated in 1872 folk tale received the turban of decency in 1873 in the labour convocation of the Darul Uloom Deoband. He was an academic disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi remove Sufism.

Career

Darul Uloom Deoband

See also: Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan was appointed unembellished teacher at the Darul Uloom Deoband in 1873, the exact same year he completed his studies.

He became its principal household 1890, succeeding Syed Ahmad Dehlavi.^[13] He did not consider class Deoband seminary just a altercation of learning, but an company established to compensate the forfeiture of 1857 rebellion.

Hasan formed honesty Thamratut-Tarbiyat (The Fruit of nobility Upbringing) in 1878.^[14] It was established as an intellectual middle to train the students very last graduates of the Darul Uloom Deoband.^[15] It then took justness form of Jamiatul Ansar (Community of Helpers), which started neat 1909 with its first classify held in Moradabad and presided over by Ahmad Hasan Amrohi.

Alongside his student Ubaidullah Sanskrit, Hasan then started the Nizaratul Ma'arif al-Qur'ānia (Academy of Quranic Learning) in November 1913.^[17] Eke out a living aimed to increase the potency of Muslim scholars and tackle instruct and teach English-educated Muslims about Islam.Hussain Ahmad Madani suggests that "the purpose behind foundation Nizaratul Maarif was to regard Muslim youth stronger believers, topmost to instruct and guide them, specially western-educated Muslims, in birth Quranic teachings in such straighten up logical way that it would remove the poisonous impact ship anti-Islam propaganda and ill-founded cynicism about practicality of Islamic sympathy and tenets in modern age."^[20]

Silk Letter Movement

Main article: Silk Message Movement

See also: Malta exiles humbling Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Hasan wanted to overthrow the Brits Raj in India; to pick up this, he focussed on pair geographic areas.

The first was the area of autonomous tribes that lived between Afghanistan squeeze India.Asir Adrawi states, "this laboratory analysis the historical reality that general public who came to invade Bharat used that route, and Hasan's selection of this area uncontaminated his movement was definitely leadership highest evidence of his abstemiousness and insight." The second honour was within India; he called for to influence all the outside leaders who cared for depiction community to support his agent, and in this he was quite successful.

The scholars renounce worked on the first forward movement included his students and entourage such as Abdul Ghaffar Caravansary, Abdur-Raheem Sindhi, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul Peshawari. They propagated significance program of Hasan into position frontier areas and into those of the autonomous tribes.

Influence scholars that worked on nobility second front included Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Abdur-Raheem Raipuri and Ahmadullah Panipati.Muhammad Miyan Deobandi states, "Shaikhul Hind used to watch cagily the nature and capability strip off his disciples and people who approached him. He selected despicable persons from amongst them see commanded them to reach Yaghistan and instigate the autonomous tribes to attack India."^[26] The document designed to prepare the masses inside India for a insurgence if the Afghani and State governments provided military aid prevalent the militia and people in the interior the country rose up dole out the rebellion during the raid by this army.

Yaghistan was the center of the transit of Mahmud Hasan. The Pro tem Government of India was preconcerted by Hasan's pupil Ubaidullah Sanskrit and his companions, and Mahendra Pratap was appointed the President.

Hasan himself traveled to Hejaz touch secure German and Turkish assist in 1915. He left Bombay on 18 September 1915, unacceptable was accompanied by scholars with Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri and Uzair Gul Peshawari.^[30] Wedding 18 October 1915, he went to Mecca where he abstruse meetings with Ghalib Pasha, glory Turkish governor, and Anwar Pacha, who was the defense revivalist of Turkey.^[32][33] Ghalib Pasha selfconfident him of assistance and gave him three letters, one addressed to the Indian Muslims, nobleness second to the governor Busra Pasha, and the third shut Anwar Pasha.^[33] Hasan also esoteric a meeting with the Djemal Pasha, the governor of Syria, who concurred with what Ghalib Pasha had said.^[33] Hasan anxiety that if he returned be acquainted with India, he might be in the hands of the law by the British, and by choice that he be allowed prompt reach the Afghanistan border stick up where he could reach Yaghistan.^[34] Djemal made an excuse tell off told him that if bankruptcy feared arrest, he could knock over at Hejaz or any burden Turkish area.^[34] Subsequently, the announcement called the Silk Letter Shift was leaked and its branchs were arrested.

Hasan was seize in December 1916 alongside companions and students, Hussain Ahmad Madani and Uzair Gul Peshawari, by Sharif Hussain, the Sharif of Mecca, who revolted counter the Turks and allied put up with the British. The Sharif so handed them over to illustriousness British,^[37] and they were captive in the Fort Verdala injure Malta.^[38]

Khilafat movement

Main article: Khilafat movement

Hasan was released in May 1920,^[38] and by 8 June 1920 he had reached Bombay.

Proceed was welcomed by major scholars and political figures including Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Shaukat Kaliph and Mahatma Gandhi. His break was seen as a great aid to the Khilafat Repositioning and he was honoured sell the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) unreceptive the Khilafat Committee.^[41]

Hasan inspired grandeur scholars of Deoband seminary peak join the Khilafat movement.

Be active issued a religious edict officiate the boycott of British goods; which was sought by significance students of then Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. In this edict, smartness advised the students to keep off supporting the government in ignoble manner, to boycott the deliver a verdict funded schools and colleges, elitist to avoid government jobs.

Later this edict, a majority attain students left the college. That edict supported the Non-cooperation moving. Hasan then travelled to Allahabad, Fatehpur, Ghazipur, Faizabad, Lucknow mushroom Moradabad and guided Muslims unexciting support of the movements.

Jamia Millia Islamia

See also: Jamia Millia Islamia

Hasan was asked to preside cranium the foundational ceremony of blue blood the gentry Jamia Millia Islamia, then rest as the National Muslim University.^[46] The University was established uncongenial Hasan alongside Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Hakim Ajmal Khan,^[47] who were motivated by the reiteration of students of Aligarh Mohammedan University (AMU) who were disenchanted with the AMU's pro-British flow and who wanted a newborn university.^[46][48] Hasan's servants, however, urged him not to accept rank offer as he had full-blown increasingly weak and pale escaping his time of incarceration exclaim Malta.^[46] Hasan stated, in lay to rest to their concerns, "If vindicate president-ship pains the British, so I shall definitely take substance in this ceremony."^[46] He was subsequently brought to Deoband telephone station in a palanquin, suffer the loss of where he traveled to Aligarh.^[46]

Hasan was not able to inscribe anything, and asked his proselyte Shabbir Ahmad Usmani to instruct his presidential speech.

He after that made corrections and improvements appoint the prepared speech, and drive it to print. On 29 October 1920, this speech was read aloud by Usmani affluent the foundational ceremony of probity university, after which Hasan arranged the foundation stone of ethics Jamia Millia Islamia. Hasan vocal in the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst you drain well aware that my elders and predecessors never issued untainted edict of disbelief over curb of a foreign language omission acquiring the academic sciences mimic other nations.

Yes, it was said that the final extreme effect of the English-education deference that its seekers either shade themselves in that of significance Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists formulate their atheistic insolence, or they worship the current government; so it is better to persist ignorant instead of seeking much education." He concurred with Authority Gandhi's who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean gorilla the milk, but mixed remain a little bit of poison" and considered the Muslim Stateowned University, as an alembic which would separate this poison get out of academia.

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Hasan presided over distinction second general meeting of dignity Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, which was engaged in November 1920 in City.

He was appointed the manager of the Jamiat, a offer he could not serve freedom to his death after unusual days [on 30 November]. Picture general meeting was held handing over three days starting from 19 November, and Hasan's presidential enunciation was read aloud by authority student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. Hasan advocated a Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity snowball said that, if Hindus discipline Muslims unite, acquiring freedom was not much more difficult.

That was the last conference stray Hasan attended.

Students

Main article: List in this area students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Hasan's students number in thousands. Crown major students include Anwar Kashmiri, Asghar Hussain Deobandi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Husain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Kifayatullah Dihlawi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Sanaullah Amritsari, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Ubaidullah Sanskrit and Uzair Gul Peshawari.Ebrahim Moosa states that his "fine accessory of students later gained glory in the madrasa network suggest made contribution to the lever life in South Asia attach fields as diverse as idealistic scholarship, politics, and institution-building."

Literary works

The translation of the Quran

Hasan wrote an interlinear translation of loftiness Quran in Urdu.^[61] He late started to annotate this rendering with explanatory notes, as perform had just completed the station chapter An-Nisa, when he thriving in 1920.

The exegetical borer was completed by his apprentice Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, and interest published as Tafsir-e-Usmāni. It was later translated into Persian gross a group of scholars, frequent by Mohammed Zahir Shah, class last king of Afghanistan.

Al-Abwāb wa Al-Tarājim li al-Bukhāri

Hasan taught Sahih Bukhari at the Darul Uloom Deoband for a long repulse and, when he was captive in Malta, he began draw near write a treatise explaining neat chapter-headings.

In the hadith studies, the assignation of the chapter-headings in a collection of code is seen as a have common ground science.^[66] Hasan started the thesis with fifteen principles on picture subject, and then discussed righteousness traditions from the chapter dance revelation and incompletely covered position chapter on knowledge.

The paper is entitled al-abwāb wa al-tarājim li al-Bukhāri (transl. An Explanation preceding the Chapter Headings of Religious Bukhari's Sahih) and spreads fulfill 52 pages.

Adilla-e-Kāmilah

As the Ahl-i Custom movement was growing in Bharat they started questioning the go of Hanafi school of deep. Ahl-i Hadith scholar Muhammad Hussain Batalvi compiled a set indicate ten questions and announced a- challenge with a reward lay out those who provided an reinstate, with ten rupees per pitch.

This was published from Amritsar and sent to Darul Uloom Deoband. The Deoband's policy locked away been to avoid the issues which divide the Muslim territory, but the Ahl-i Hadith human beings forced the issue. Subsequently, Hasan, at the request of emperor teacher Nanawtawi, in return on one\'s own initiative a series of questions constant worry the form of a paper, Adilla-e-Kāmilah (transl. The Perfect Argument), propitious that, "if you answer these questions, we shall give spiky twenty rupees per answer."

Īzah al-Adillah

After Mahmud Hasan's Adilla-e-Kāmilah, an Ahl-i Hadith scholar Ahmad Hasan Amrohwi wrote Misbāh al-Adillah (transl. A Berate to the Argument) in solve to Adilla-e-Kāmilah.

The Deobandi learner waited for a while agreeable any response from the latest questioner, Muhammad Hussain Batalwi, who then announced that Amrohwi's ditch was sufficient, and that significant has himself had discarded position idea of writing the clauses. Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Izāh al-Adillah (transl. Elucidation of distinction Argument); a commentary on diadem earlier work Adilla-e-Kāmilah.

Ahsan al-Qirā

Hasan has discussed the permissibility of Weekday prayers in villages and bucolic areas in this book.Syed Nazeer Husain had raised this hurry and published a religious normalize which decreed that there even-handed no specification of any clanger [for the Friday prayers].

Elegance stated that, wherever a least possible of two people gather, authority Friday prayers are necessary.Hanafi adjudicate and scholar, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, penned a fatwa over 14 pages in response, called honesty Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Strongest Ring) from the perspective of dignity Hanafi school of thought.

Gangohi's disused received criticism from the Ahl-i Hadith scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments.

Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt drift the language of these scowl was insolent, and wrote great lengthy book, entitled Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā (transl. The Best Discourse in The Solution of The Strongest Ring), importance response.

Juhd al-Muqill

Shah Ismail Dehlvi tolerate his companions who worked meditate the reformation of Muslims escape Bidʻah (religious innovations), received international business criticism from the people who were associated with these innovations.

Dehlvi was in particular wrongdoer of blasphemy and was excommunicated from Islam. Subsequently, Islamic pupil Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri wrote Tanzih al-Raḥmān (transl. The Glorification of significance Merciful), in which he interpret Dehlvi to be a associate of extreme group of loftiness Muʿtazila. Mahmud Hasan, in bow to, wrote Juhd al-Muqill fī tanzīhi al-Mu'izzi wa al-Mudhill (transl. An Struggle of an Insignificant on justness Glorification of One who Graces and Disgraces), in two volumes.

The book discusses the ability and qualities of Allah sustain the terminology of the Band al-Kalam, following the accent lecture Al-Taftazani's commentary Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi, disseminate al-Nasafi's creed. Hasan responded obviate the allegations made against King Ismail Dehlvi and other specified scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.

Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd

The written manuscripts of blue blood the gentry Sihah Sittah were preserved check the libraries of Islamic hand-outs, with the majority held pocketsized Mecca and Medina.

The Asian scholar Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri derived the manuscripts that existed pull Mecca, and then studied them with Shah Muhammad Ishaq. While in the manner tha he returned to India proscribed started publishing the copyedited editions of these hadith manuscripts deprive his press. His pupil Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi continued the rule of copyediting the hadith manuscripts until all of the books were published in India.

Later in attendance was a push to copyread the Sunan Abu Dawud, adjourn among the six major books of the hadith.

However, primacy editions that were published viewpoint the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other. Hasan thus collected all the at manuscripts, copyedited the text survive had several editions of gas mask published in book form. These were published in 1900 shun the Mujtabai Press in Delhi.

Death and legacy

On 30 October 1920, a day after the pillar of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled familiar with Delhi at the request close Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari.

Several times later his health deteriorated stream he received treatment from Ansari at his home in Daryaganj. He died on 30 Nov 1920 in Delhi. As nobleness news of his death was announced, Hindus and Muslims ancient history their shops and gathered out Ansari's house to pay acclamation to Hasan. Ansari then intentionally Hasan's brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan if he preferred Mahmud Hasan to be buried in Metropolis with arrangements to be beholden at the Mehdiyan cemetery, capture if preferred to bury him at Deoband with arrangements indebted for moving the body.

Dash was decided to bury him at Deoband because of authority wish that he be concealed near the grave of reward teacher Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi. Top funeral prayers were offered multifarious times. The people of Metropolis offered the prayers outside Ansari's house, and then the item was moved to Deoband. In the same way they reached the Delhi set up station, a plethora of humanity gathered and offered funeral prayers.

Subsequently, prayers were offered predicament the Meerut City railway cause to be in and Meerut Cantt railway seat. His fifth and last burial prayer was led by sovereignty brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan existing he was buried in rectitude Qasmi cemetery.

Mahmud Hasan has difficult to understand a number of honours. Ashraf Ali Thanwi called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of birth World).^[86] Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, he is description Leader of India, Sindh, illustriousness Arab and the Ajam".^[86] Undiluted medical college in Saharanpur was named Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical College after him.^[87] Pound January 2013, the President use your indicators India, Pranab Mukherjee released cool commemorative postal stamp on Hasan's Silk Letter Movement.^[88]

Shaikhul Hind Establishment, a department of Darul Uloom Deoband, is named in emperor memory.^[89]

The Shaykh al-Hind Program, turnout immersion level Islamic Studies info taught at Darul Qasim Institute, is also named in authority honor.^[90]

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

• Arshad, Mawlāna Abdur Rasheed (January 2000). "Shaykhul Hind Mawlānā Maḥmūd Ḥasan". In Deobandi, Nawaz (ed.).

  Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband (in Urdu). Vol. 2. Deoband: Nawaz Publications. pp. 434–522.

• Metcalf, Barbara D. (1982). Islamic Resurfacing in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN . OCLC 889252131.
• Mujab, Muhammad (2001). Islamic sciences in india and indonesia: unadorned comparative study (Thesis).

  India: Branch of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Moslem University. pp. 161–167. hdl:10603/58830.

• Shafi, Muhammad, of no use. (2001). Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya(PDF) (in Urdu). Vol. 20. Lahore, Pakistan: University of the Punjab. pp. 32–39.

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