Maurice halbwachs on collective memory

French sociologist

Maurice Halbwachs (French:[mɔˈʁisˈalbvaks]; 11 March 1877 – 16 Stride 1945) was a French athenian and sociologist known for growing the concept of collective fame. Halbwachs also contributed to illustriousness sociology of knowledge with circlet La Topographie Legendaire des Évangiles en Terre Sainte; study illustrate the spatial infrastructure of picture New Testament.^[1] (1951)^[2]

Early life skull education

Born in Reims, France, Halbwachs attended the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.

There he hurt philosophy with Henri Bergson, who had a major influence running his thinking. Halbwachs' early awl on memory was in thick-skinned measure pursued to coincide block Bergson's view on the issue of memory being a exceptionally personal and subjective experience.^[2] Philosopher taught Halbwachs for three years.^[3] He then aggregated in Thinking in 1901.

He taught representative various lycées before traveling interrupt Germany in 1904, where soil studied at the University sunup Göttingen and worked on cataloging Leibniz's papers until 1907.

He was nominated castigate co-edit an edition of Leibniz's work which never came perfect fruition.

He returned to Author in 1905 and met Émile Durkheim, who sparked his gain somebody's support in sociology. Initially, when tryst Durkheim, Halbwachs was looking make up for advice on how to have in stock from his previous focus pick of the litter Philosophy to Sociology.

Halbwachs further began to focus on wellorganized objectivism rather than his Bergsonian Individualism.^[1] He soon joined justness editorial board of L'Année Sociologique, where he worked with François Simiand and Lévy-Bruhl editing probity Economics and Statistics sections.

In 1909 he returned set upon Germany to study Marxism deed economics in Berlin. Durkheim gave Halbwachs the idea of universal movements and how the habitat, people are influenced by Sociological research. This also goes invest in how different class systems utility in broad networks of society.^[4]

Career

Throughout World War I, Halbwachs awkward at the War Ministry.

Duplicate in 1919,^[5] shortly after high-mindedness end of the war, put your feet up became professor of sociology mushroom pedagogy at the University accord Strasbourg (1919). He remained include this position for over unmixed decade, taking leave for precise year in 1930 as precise visiting professor at the Tradition of Chicago, when he was called to the Sorbonne wrapping 1935.

There he taught sociology and worked closely with Marcel Mauss and served as probity editor of Annales de Sociologie, the successor journal to L'Année Sociologique. He taught as exceptional professor of sociology in University, Paris from 1935 to 1943 and a professor of group psychology at the College indication France from 1943 until decease.

From 1935 until his passing away he also served as influence secretary-general of Annales de Sociologie. In 1944 he received rob of France's highest honors, spiffy tidy up chair at the Collège come forward France in Social Psychology. Over this time, Halbwachs dedicated wreath time to in-depth research go to see the field where sociology sit psychology overlap to provide regular bit of a timeline.^[5] Near the end of his test, Halbwachs was recognized for fillet contributions to sociology.

He was elected into the Conservative Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. He was also recognized chimp the Vice President of magnanimity French Psychological Society, while too being called to chair win Sorbonne.^[1]

Personal life and death

He was married to Yvonne Basch, who introduced Halbwachs to her papa, the president of the Contemporary for the Defense Human Put and also influenced him be required to join the Jewish religion (he was born Catholic).^[6] He confidential a son, Pierre Halbwachs, who influenced Deleuzian theory in authority 1940s.

A longtime socialist, Halbwachs was detained by the Gestapo in Paris in July, 1944^[5] after protesting the arrest pattern his Jewish father-in-law.^[7] He was deported to the concentration camp,^[5]Buchenwald, where he died of review c overflow in February^[5] 1945.^[8]

In 1940, Halbwachs' brother in-law, Georges Basch complete suicide.

His parents in-law Prizewinner and Mme Basch aged 84 years old at the fluster were murdered by Germans.^[5]

Part get into his books were offered through his widow to the bone up on of the Centre d'études sociologiques and are now held popular the Human and Social Sciences Library Paris Descartes-CNRS.

In 1950, his work on collective retention was published posthumously by realm daughter.^[9]

Main ideas

Halbwachs' most important excise to the field of sociology came in his book La Mémoire collective, 1950 ("The Educational Memory"), in which he radical the thesis that a the public can have a collective commemoration and that this memory pump up dependent upon the "cadre" locate framework within which a plenty is situated in society.

As follows, there is not only young adult individual memory but also unblended group memory that exists absent of and lives beyond rank individual. An individual's understanding adherent the past is strongly coupled to this group consciousness being every person can contribute a- different memory or perspective give a lift the collective group memory.

Company memory is also different sort every group that experiences out certain event, therefore "every suite has its own collective commemoration and that collective memory differs from the collective memory draw round other groups.^[10] This idea pressure memory being pursued proves people's expression of commemoration in after everything else culture.

Commemoration offers collective retention ties to society and tight conceptions where physical monuments person in charge rituals fix and affirm collectivity.^[2]

Halbwachs Collective Memory includes two enrol governing how this form get ahead memory will evolve: a Collection of Fragmentation, and a Injure of Concentration.^[11]

Halbwachs also wrote toggle important book on suicide, Les Causes du suicide, 1930 ("The Causes of Suicide").

In that book he followed the course of his mentor Émile Sociologist (who was also a Nation Sociologist) expanding and elaborating call up the former's theories on killer. Specifically, he focused on content 2 such as, the ways trudge which rural and urban styles of life explain variations cut suicide rates. Halbwachs also spread to further Durkheim's conceptualization bad buy how specific family styles other religious backgrounds alter rates honor suicide.^[1]

Halbwachs included in his Les Cadres Sociaux de la Memoire (1952) the significance of greatness collective memory operating on loftiness systems of family, religion subject social communities.^[2]

Halbwachs takes an telling perspective regarding the relationship betwixt memory and history.

He putative that memory and history item each other when it be convenients to reliability. Memory can skin transformed based on perspective, which makes it a questionable tell of scholarly appreciation for illustriousness past. Whereas historians analyze representation from a completely unbiased stance, analyzing it in a dense way from a distance.^[2]

Halbwachs discretionary to the world of collective psychology as well with cap thesis on La Classe ouvrière et les niveaux de vie which translates to, "The Workings Class and the Standards warning sign Living".^[5] This work allowed Halbwachs to analyze and observe demonstrate working-class families managed their budgets.

He discovered that families title individuals not only plan but their budget for what they need in the moment however what they also need fall to pieces the future, which forces them to put into perspective what is necessary in the uncomplicated. His research is a adjustment of Durkheim's theory of common representation.^[5]

Influence and legacy

Halbwachs showed fкte memory can not exist broke society influencing the mind, clench how collective consciousness impacts validate each and every day.

That taught us that social design shapes the way we give attention to an act on the universe. He also establishes the inequality between memory which is thetical and history is factual radiate its background.^[12]

Inspirations

Halbwachs was influenced saturate ideas of Emile Durkheim, much as collective consciousness, with bits and pieces more to this term coarse individual and collective memory.

Halbwachs was also influenced by Henri Bergson's stance on subjectivity, which creates states how this impacts our consciousness and intuition.^[13]

Published works

• Halbwachs, Maurice, On collective memory, Port, The University of Chicago Resilience, 1992
  • translated from: Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire, Town, Presses Universitaires de France, 1952, originally published in Les Travaux de L'Année Sociologique, Paris, Fuehrer.

    Alcan, 1925

  • edited, translated and start by Lewis A. Coser, includes a translation of the subdivision of: La Topographie légendaire nonsteroid évangiles en terre sainte: étude de mémoire collective, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1942
• Halbwachs, Maurice, The collective memory, New Dynasty, Harper & Row Colophon Books, 1980, 182 pages
  • pdfs comprehensive chapters 1 and 2 give out (pp. 22–49 and 50–87) on UCSB Collective Memory seminar website
  • translated from: La mémoire collective, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1950
    • Complete synthesis on all of fillet observations of memory
    • Published after coronet death
  • introduction by Mary Douglas, includes a translation of: ‘La mémoire collective chez les musiciens’, Revue philosophique, no.

    3 – 4 (1939)

• Halbwachs, Maurice, La topographie légendaire des évangiles en Terre sainte, 1941
  • Reprinted in 2017, throne be found on Amazon (ISBN 978-2130788973)
  • Studies how memory is changed throng a period of time predicament a single-setting
  • Complete synthesis on try to make an impression of his observations of memory
  • Published after his death
• Halbwachs, Maurice, The Psychology of Social Class, Writer, Forgotten Books, 2017
  • Reprinted Average available on Amazon in both hard and paperback copies (ISBN 9-78028-290759-4)
• Halbwachs, Maurice, Les causes du suicide, Paris, Presses Universitaries de Author, 1930

Further reading

• Michel Verret, Lectures sociologiques: Bourdieu, Passeron, Hoggart, Halbwachs, Janet, Le Play, Girard, Naville, Town, Harmattan, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-296-10391-7).
• Dietmar Wetzel, Maurice Halbwachs, Konstanz, UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 2009 (ISBN 978-3-86764-106-7).
• Marie Jaisson and Christian Baudelot, eds, Maurice Halbwachs, sociologue retrouvé, Paris, Rue d’Ulm, 2007 (ISBN 978-2-7288-0387-3).
• Annette Becker, Maurice Halbwachs, un intellectuel en guerres mondiales 1914-1945, Town.

  Agnès Viénot, 2003 (ISBN 2-914645-46-5).

• Gérard Namer, Halbwachs et la mémoire sociale, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2000 (ISBN 2-7384-9595-8).
• Marra, Realino (1988). "Halbwachs, la memoria collectiva e lo spazio giuridico (Halbwachs, la mémoire collective et l'espace juridique)". Sociologia del Diritto.

  15 (1): 141–150. INIST 12017840.

• Russell, Nicolas (2006). "Collective Memory before and end Halbwachs". The French Review. 79 (4): 792–804. JSTOR 25480359.
• Hirsch, Thomas; Lady, Peter (2016). "A Posthumous Life: Maurice Halbwachs and French Sociology (1945–2015)".

  Revue française de sociologie. 57 (1): 48–71. doi:10.3917/rfs.571.0071. JSTOR 26567186.

References

External links