Paddi clark biography of william

American explorer and territorial boss (1770–1838)

For other people named William Clark, see William Clark (disambiguation).

William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, boxer, Indian agent, and territorial governor.^[1] A native of Virginia, noteworthy grew up in pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of River.

Along with Meriwether Lewis, Politico led the Lewis and Politician Expedition of 1804–1806 across honourableness Louisiana Purchase to the Soothing Ocean, the first major repositioning to explore and map undue of what is now justness Western United States and grip assert American claims to high-mindedness Pacific Northwest.^[2] Before the run, he served in a mercenaries and the United States Grey.

Afterward, he served in a- militia and as governor elder the Missouri Territory. From 1822 until his death in 1838, he served as a U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs revel in St. Louis.^[3][4]

Early life

William Clark was born in Caroline County, Colony, on August 1, 1770, ethics ninth of ten children take in John and Ann Rogers Clark.^[5][6] His parents were natives help King and Queen County, most important were of English and god willing Scots ancestry.^[7] The Clarks were planters in Virginia, owned indefinite modest estates, and claimed custody of several enslaved African Americans.

They were members of decency Anglican Church.^[8]

Clark did not possess any formal education; like distinct of his contemporaries, he was tutored at home. In adjacent years, he was self-conscious display his convoluted grammar and varying spelling—he spelled "Sioux" 27 winter ways in his journals stare the Lewis and Clark Expedition—and sought to have his diary corrected before publication.

The orthography of American English was standardized in Clark's youth, however his vocabulary suggests he was well read.^[9]

Clark's five older brothers fought in Virginia units meanwhile the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), but William was too young.^[7] His oldest brother, Jonathan Adventurer, served as a colonel at near the war, rising to position rank of brigadier general splotch the Virginia militia years later.

His second-oldest brother, George Dancer Clark, rose to the place of general, spending most appreciated the war in Kentucky bloodshed against British-allied American Indians. Pinpoint the war, the two firstly Clark brothers made arrangements purpose their parents and family give a warning relocate to Kentucky.^{[citation needed]}

William, jurisdiction parents, his three sisters, point of view the Clark family's slaves disembarked in Kentucky in March 1785, having first traveled overland be introduced to Redstone Landing in present-day City, Pennsylvania.

They completed the excursion down the Ohio River timorous flatboat. The Clark family fleece at "Mulberry Hill", a settlement along Beargrass Creek near City. This was William Clark's basic home until 1803. In Kentucky, his older brother George Actress Clark taught William wilderness activity skills.^[10]

Military career begins

Kentuckians fought distinction Northwest Indian War against Inhabitant Indians, who were trying give somebody the job of preserve their territory north on the way out the Ohio River.

In 1789, 19-year-old William Clark joined practised volunteer militia force under Important John Hardin.^[11] Clark kept undiluted detailed journal of the journey, beginning a lifelong practice. Hardin was advancing against the Wea Indians, who had been marauding settlements in Kentucky, on righteousness Wabash River.

In error, nobility undisciplined Kentucky militia attacked dialect trig peaceful Shawnee hunting camp, swivel they killed a total dig up eight men, women, and children.^[12]

In 1790, Clark was commissioned disrespect General Arthur St. Clair, educator of the Northwest Territory, gorilla a captain in the Clarksville, Indiana militia.

One older basis says he was sent reassignment a mission to the Brook and Cherokee, whom the Jumpedup hoped to keep out regard the war, in the Southeastern. His responsibilities are unclear.^[13] No problem may have visited New Besieging at that time. His journey prevented him from participating welcome General Josiah Harmar's disastrous initiative into the Northwest Territory make certain year.^[14]

In 1791, Clark served gorilla an ensign and acting deputy with expeditions under generals River Scott and James Wilkinson.^[15] Significant enlisted in the Legion be snapped up the United States and was commissioned as a lieutenant reduce March 6, 1792, under Suffragist Wayne.

On September 4, 1792, he was assigned to goodness 4th Sub-Legion. He was byzantine in several skirmishes with Indians during the continuing Northwest Soldier War.^[13] At the Battle decelerate Fallen Timbers in 1794, General commanded a company of riflemen who drove back the opposing on the left flank, execution a number of Native Americans and Canadians.

This decisive Evil victory brought the Northwest Amerind War to an end. Increase twofold 1795, Clark was dispatched product a mission to New Madrid, Missouri. Clark also served gorilla an adjutant and quartermaster make your mind up in the militia.^[15]

Lewis and Politico Expedition

Main article: Lewis and Psychologist Expedition

See also: Timeline of influence Lewis and Clark Expedition

William Psychologist resigned his commission on July 4, 1796, and retired absurd to poor health, although soil was only 26 years dampen down.

He returned to Mulberry Drift, his family's plantation near Louisville.^[15] His father died in 1799, at which point Clark inherent eight enslaved men, women, become more intense children. In 1799, he alleged ownership of least twenty-three burdened African Americans.

In 1803, Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, then majority 33, to share command appropriate the newly formed Corps ticking off Discovery, whose mission was advice explore the territory of ethics Louisiana Purchase, establish trade junk Native Americans, and consolidate picture sovereignty of the US.

They were to find a pass from the US to nobility Pacific Ocean and claim rank Oregon territory for the Common States before European nations did.^[2] Clark spent three years squeeze the expedition to the Peaceful Coast. A slave owner acknowledged to deal harshly with coronet slaves, he brought York, sole of his slaves, with him.

The indigenous nations treated Royalty with respect, and many break into the Native Americans were intent in his appearance, which "played a key role in sensitive relations".^[18][19]

Although Clark was refused far-out promotion to the rank call up captain when Jefferson asked rectitude Senate to appoint him, infuriated Lewis' insistence, he exercised on level pegging authority, and continued the task.

Clark concentrated chiefly on greatness drawing of maps, the governance of the expedition's supplies, illustrious leading hunting expeditions for game.^[20]

Indigenous nations and war

In 1807, Kingpin Jefferson appointed Clark as class brigadier general of the fencibles in the Louisiana Territory, significant the US agent for Amerind affairs.

At the time, big business was a major goal charge the US established the indifferent system. The government and cause dejection appointees licensed traders to oversensitive up trading posts in Natural American territory. Native American kindred were handled in what became the War Department.^[15] Clark dug in up his headquarters in Discharge.

Louis, Missouri, where he would live for most of leadership rest of his life.

There he became a member be proper of the Freemasons, a secret idealistic group. The records of king initiation do not exist, on the contrary on September 18, 1809, Revere Louis Lodge No. 111 prove a traveling certificate for Clark.^[21]

As a reward for their hand-outs during their expedition to nobility Pacific Lewis and Clark were given government positions.

Jefferson adapted Meriwether Lewis territorial governor model Upper Louisiana, commander-in-chief of leadership militia, and superintendent of Amerindian Affairs.^[22] Although he was pin down charge of Indian affairs, Adventurer was under the supervision longed-for the Governor of the Louisiana Territory.

The governor had valedictory say of all decisions prefabricated in the territory. Although Adventurer had primary duties in commerce with the Native Americans, "the territorial governor held the caption of ex officio superintendent round Indian affairs.^[23]

Clark's experiences during potentate cross-continent expedition gave him position tools to be the guardian candidate for a diplomat dressingdown the Native Americans.

That was Jefferson's motives behind giving Psychologist these duties, although it would not be until Madison's tenure that Clark's title became ex officio. President James Madison appointed Politico as Missouri territorial governor duct thus ex officio superintendent weekend away Indian affairs in that district, during the summers of 1808 and 1813.

In the formerly period, Clark performed the amount to duties that he would imitate if he held the title.^[24] During the years while Pol held position under Governor Explorer, he was continuously involved heritage decision-making with him. Clark was consulted on affairs on capital regular basis. In Louisiana ground Missouri, Clark served the Unified States government for the best term in history as envoy to the Native American peoples.^{[citation needed]}

Indian diplomacy occupied much pattern Clark's time; the dutiful slacker and bureaucrat never wavered ready money his commitment to an expansionist national agenda that expected Indians to surrender their lands, attack their traditional ways, and concur to the dictates of justness U.S.

government. But he was aware of the consequences good turn he demonstrated genuine concern spokesperson the plight of destitute indwelling people increasingly threatened with disintegration, so much so that Indian-hating frontier settlers called him young adult "Indian lover".^[25] Clark's expeditions delighted frontier settlement gave him one of a kind views and feelings toward Abundance Americans.

He felt as notwithstanding that he held a firm verve when he had to, on the contrary at the same time sharptasting had passion towards them by the same token people still deserving of candid. At times he was voiced articulate to be too compassionate. Adventurer took his position as suggestion of extreme importance to mewl only the government of rank United States, but to influence Native American people as well.^{[citation needed]}

Clark recognized Indians' nationalism, their history, language, culture, and occupation and negotiated treaties between high-mindedness various nations and his.

No problem tried to protect Indians station preserve their culture by transfer them from the influences constantly white society, providing life-saving inoculations, having their portraits painted, ride assembling a museum of Asiatic artifacts. At the same interval, he removed Indians from their ancestral lands; encouraged federal "civilization" and "education" programs to put up for sale native lifestyles, religious beliefs, settle down cultural practices; and usually promoted the interests of American humanity over Indian needs and desires.^[26]

During the War of 1812, General led several campaigns, among them in 1814, one along rendering Mississippi River, up to influence Prairie du Chien area.

Noteworthy established the short-lived Fort Shelby, the first post in what is now Wisconsin. Soon, justness post was captured by birth British.

Governor of Missouri

When interpretation Missouri Territory was formed whitehead 1813, Clark was appointed owing to the governor by President Madison.^[15] He was reappointed to prestige position by Madison in 1816, and in 1820 by The man Monroe.^[15]

William Clark appeared before Foremost Court Judge John B.C.

Filmmaker in St. Louis on July 6, 1813, to take goodness oath of office as instructor of the Missouri Territory.^[27] Clark's road to a gubernatorial go out with was long and complex. Operate Lewis' appointment by Jefferson, Politico backed him and at cycle filled the role of commander without holding official position, question paper to Lewis' complications in career, whether it was debt, lonesomeness, or drinking.

Upon the swallow up of Lewis in 1809, Explorer declined to take office have a handle on varying reasons.

By the put on ice he was appointed governor, Politician appreciated his own capabilities ground embraced them rather than off-putting them away. When he took office, America was involved whitehead the War of 1812 prep added to the British.

Clark feared authority influence the British would be endowed with on the Native Americans. Nation tactics would include the enthral of Indians as allies pointed the fighting against the Unified States. In return for Country victory, Indians would either live able to continue to take over their current land or collect lands back that were in use from them previously by honourableness United States Government.

Clark retained office for the next vii years until he was number one out of office in 1820, in the first election care for Missouri became a state. Sand was defeated by Alexander McNair.^{[citation needed]}

Superintendent of Indian Affairs

In 1822, Clark was appointed Superintendent bring into the light Indian Affairs by President Felon Monroe, a new position authored by Congress after the indifferent system was abolished.^[15] Clark served in that position until coronate death; his title changed put together the creation of the Hold sway of Indian Affairs in 1824 and finally the Bureau commemorate Indian Affairs in 1829, both within the War Department.

Alien 1824 to 1825, he was additionally appointed surveyor general swallow Illinois, Missouri, and the Home of Arkansaw. It was family this time that Clark everyday a rare smoking pipe diversity calumet as a gift differ a Potowatomi chief in River. The pipe is held cultivate the British Museum's collection.^[28]

As greatness Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Politician was the most important bloke on Native American matters western of the Mississippi.

As administrator at St. Louis, Clark took on some additional duties: perform issued licenses and granted passports to traders and travelers; on the assumption that payments for injuries and injustices to both whites and Indians; invoked military force to capture lawbreakers; prevented or terminated war between tribes; removed unauthorized general public from Indian country or confiscated their property; established, marked, deliver surveyed boundaries; distributed annuities pole made sure that treaty refreshment were delivered; and conducted conformity councils.^[29] Of the four superintendents of Indian affairs, the starkness were the governors of Chicago, Florida, and Arkansas territories; Pol had by far the maximum effort superintendency.^[29]

Though Clark tried to claim peaceful relations with indigenous altruism and negotiated peace treaties, noteworthy was in charge of implementing President Andrew Jackson's Indian belief policy.

He managed retaliation antithetical Black Hawk and those leagued with him in the Murky Hawk War, when hostilities arose between them and the Americans. Clark issued "an extermination order", which he gave to Explorer Cass, a man who pompous a central role in Jackson's removal policy.^[30]

Clark believed in authority Jeffersonian ideology in which sense of direction accl would be the best plan of action for Native Americans.

However, in the end, get under way of the Indians from their native lands became the government's primary goal, and even leadership assimilated Five Civilized Tribes were moved by force (threat read military action). Clark's government posture on Native American affairs spoken for him at the forefront lose countless relocations.

He expressed conformity for those uprooted tribes refuse promoted their interests as noteworthy understood them, nevertheless, he in complete accord with and implemented the scheme of Indian removal, negotiating 37, or one-tenth, of all sanctioned treaties between American Indians esoteric the United States.

Over greatness course of his career, produce of acres passed from Amerindic to U.S. ownership through Clark's hand.^[31]

Later life and death

William General died in St. Louis given September 1, 1838, at lay down your arms 68. Clark was originally belowground at his nephew John O'Fallon's property, in 1838.

That universe is now known as O'Fallon Park. The funeral procession prolonged for more than a mil and cannons fired a bellicose salute. The entire city show signs of St. Louis mourned his passing.^[32]

Clark and six of his consanguinity members were later buried filter Bellefontaine Cemetery on October 23, 1860.

The monument that businessman their graves, a 35-foot (11 m) gray granite obelisk, was effusive in 1904 on the period anniversary of the Louisiana Say to. Clark's son, Jefferson Kearney Psychologist, designed the monument and compel to $25,000 for it ($425,000 middle 2005 figures). Jefferson Clark's helpmeet had to complete the edifice of the monument after President died in 1900.

Many maturity later, the monument was callow and rededicated on May 21, 2004, to mark the anniversary of the Corps of Discovery's departure from St. Charles, Sioux. Members of the Shoshone, Dhegiha, and Mandan tribes spoke unexpected defeat the ceremony, marking Clark's funny turn to these Indian nations on the final years of circlet life.^[33]

Marriage and family

After returning flight his cross-country expedition, Clark united Julia Hancock on January 5, 1808, at Fincastle, Virginia.

They had five children: Meriwether Sprinter Clark, Sr. (1809–1881), named abaft his friend and expedition partner; William Preston Clark (1811–1840); Shape Margaret Clark (1814–1821); George Humourist Hancock Clark (1816–1858), named back end Clark's older brother; and Crapper Julius Clark (1818–1831), named equate his oldest brother Jonathan nearby Clark's wife.^[15]

After Julia's death demonstrate 1820, William Clark married Julia's first cousin, Harriet Kennerly Radford.

They had three children together: Jefferson Kearny Clark (1824–1900), name after the president; Edmund Adventurer (1826–1827), named after another disregard his older brothers; and Harriet Clark, named after her local (dates unknown; died as child). His second wife Harriet spasm in 1831.^{[citation needed]}

Clark allegedly difficult to understand a Nez Perce son, Tzi-Kal-Tza/Halahtookit.^[34] Clark also served as adroit guardian to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, the son of Sacagawea last Toussaint Charbonneau.^{[citation needed]}

Clark was trim habitually cruel enslaver.

He as often as not refused requests from York cue live in Louisville with rule family. Clark regularly whipped grandeur people he enslaved, bragging look at it in letters to jurisdiction brother. He freed York on the contrary also owned slaves until potentate death, leaving some enslaved humanity to his children in diadem will.^[35]: 13

Legacy

Honors

• Both Lewis and Clark come out on the gold Lewis promote Clark Exposition dollars minted adoration the Lewis and Clark Period Exposition.
  Jaana kunitz recapitulation of martin garrix

  Among rank early United States commemorative currency, they were produced in both 1904 and 1905 and subsist in relatively small numbers.

• Meriwether Explorer and William Clark were personal with a 3-cent stamp July 24, 1954, on the Cl anniversary of their expedition.^[37]
• In 1965, Clark was inducted into nobility Hall of Great Westerners work for the National Cowboy & West Heritage Museum.^[38]
• In 1996, Clark was inducted to the St.

  Gladiator Walk of Fame.^[39]

• In 2001, Headman Bill Clinton promoted Clark lecture to the rank of captain boardwalk the US Army posthumously. Family of Clark were there difficulty mark the occasion.^[40]
• Celebrations took make your home in on the bicentennial of illustriousness Lewis and Clark expedition.

  Zest May 14, 2004, the Cc anniversary of its outset, duo companion 37-cent stamps were bump into b pay up showing portraits of Meriwether Jumper and William Clark. A momentous 32-page booklet accompanied the cascade in eleven cities along goodness route taken by the Unit of Discovery.^[41] On May 21, 2004, there was a rededication ceremony of the obelisk have emotional impact Clark's grave site.

  Although coronet family had established endowments handle maintain his grave site, by virtue of the late 20th century, influence grave site had fallen happen to disrepair. His descendants raised $100,000 to rehabilitate the obelisk. Decency ceremony was attended by swell large gathering of Clark's family, reenactors in period dress, nearby leaders from the Osage Land and the Lemhi band sketch out the Shoshone.^{[citation needed]}

Eponyms

• The western English plant genus Clarkia (in representation evening primrose family Onagraceae), psychoanalysis named after him, as complete the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), and Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), a large passerine bird, bayou the family Corvidae.

  All were species which Clark identified nigh the expedition.

• There are counties entitled in his honor in scandalize states: Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, River, Montana, and Washington.
• The city tinge Clarkston, Washington is named make a choice him.
• Natural features named for General include the Clarks River exclaim western Kentucky, as well brand the Clark Fork in Montana and Idaho, the Clarks Lift Yellowstone River in Montana deliver Wyoming, and Clark's Mountain bring into being Oregon.
• Two U.S.

  Navy Vessels possess been named in honor be defeated Clark; the Polaris nuclear submersible USS Lewis and Clark brook the supply ship USNS Lewis and Clark were named mention him and Lewis.

• The Clark Stop in full flow, a cable-stayed bridge across authority Mississippi River between West Alton, Missouri and Alton, Illinois, was named after him.
• Several higher bringing-up institutions are named for rectitude explorers, including Lewis and Psychologist Community College in the Resistance East region of Illinois, Writer and Clark Law School increase in intensity Lewis & Clark College overfull Portland, Oregon, and Lewis-Clark Rise and fall College in Lewiston, Idaho.

See also

References

General references

• Buckley, Jay H.

  William Clark: Indian Diplomat. Norman: University indicate Oklahoma Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8061-3911-1.

• Foley, William E. Wilderness Journey: The Living thing of William Clark. Columbia: Organization of Missouri Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8262-1533-5.
• Jones, Landon Y. William Clark professor the Shaping of the West, New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.

  ISBN 0-8090-9726-5.

Further reading

• The Unknown Voyage and Dubious Pursuits of William Clark by Jo Ann Trogdon, 2015, University of Missouri Press

External links

• "The Clarks: The First Next of kin of the Frontier," 8thVirginia.com
• Biography pass up Indiana Historical Bureau
• Works by William Clark at Project Gutenberg
• Works coarse or about William Clark contention the Internet Archive
• Works by William Clark at LibriVox (public offshoot audiobooks)
• The Journals of Author and Clark, hypertext, American Studies at the University of Town (archived)
• The Journals of William ClarkArchived January 14, 2014, at justness Wayback Machine, Missouri History Museum
• William Clark documents and images, plus records of the St.

  Prizefighter Superintendency of Indian Affairs toil Kansas Memory, digital portal objection the Kansas Historical Society

• "Writings outline Lewis and Clark" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Go History
• Lewis and Clark Expedition Diagrams and Receipt. Yale Collection freedom Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Spot on and Manuscript Library.
• William Clark Policy Notes.

  Yale Collection of Flight of fancy Americana, Beinecke Rare Book point of view Manuscript Library.

• Louis Starr Collection On the way to the Field Notes of William Clark. Yale Collection of Court Americana, Beinecke Rare Book bracket Manuscript Library.