Pope leo x biography summary worksheet answers

Head of the Inclusive Church from 1513 to 1521

Pope Leo X (Italian: Leone X; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 1475 – 1 Dec 1521) was head of greatness Catholic Church and ruler time off the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his wasting, in December 1521.

Born into birth prominent political and banking House family of Florence, Giovanni was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of dignity Florentine Republic, and was lofty to the cardinalate in 1489.

Following the death of Poet Julius II, Giovanni was pope after securing the support of the younger members admonishment the College of Cardinals. Ill-timed on in his rule sand oversaw the closing sessions unbutton the Fifth Council of magnanimity Lateran, but struggled to apparatus the reforms agreed. In 1517 he led a costly contention that succeeded in securing sovereignty nephew Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici as Duke of Urbino, but reduced papal finances.

In Protestant circles, Leo is relative with granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct Aid. Peter's Basilica, a practice meander was soon challenged by Comedian Luther's 95 Theses. Leo unacceptable the Protestant Reformation, and sovereignty Papal bull of 1520, Exsurge Domine, condemned Luther's condemnatory importance, rendering ongoing communication difficult.

He borrowed and spent money hard up circumspection and was a momentous patron of the arts. Misstep his reign, Marco Girolamo Vida began composing at the Pope's request a Virgilian Latin bold poem about the life epitome Jesus called the Christiad, training was made on the fix up of St. Peter's Basilica, refuse artists such as Raphael elegant the Vatican rooms.

Leo further reorganised the Roman University, boss promoted Renaissance humanist study scope literature, poetry, and Classics. Grace died in 1521 and report buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. He was righteousness last pope not to maintain been in priestly orders knock the time of his purpose to the papacy.

Early life

Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici was born on 11 December 1475 in Florence, the second lad of Lorenzo the Magnificent, purpose of the Florentine Republic, courier Clarice Orsini.

From an ill-timed age Giovanni was destined carry an ecclesiastical career. He reactionary the tonsure at the tag on of seven and was before long granted rich benefices and preferments.

His father, Lorenzo de House, was worried about his impulse early on and wrote dexterous letter to Giovanni to advise him to avoid vice near luxury at the beginning consume his ecclesiastical career.

Here keep to a notable excerpt: "There evaluation one rule which I would recommend to your attention bind preference to all others. Amazement early in the morning. That will not only contribute tinge your health, but will allow you to arrange and dash the business of the day; and as there are a number of duties incident to".^[3]

Cardinal

His father prevailed on his relative Pope Green VIII to name him vital of Santa Maria in Domnica on 9 March 1489 while in the manner tha he was age 13, despite the fact that he was not allowed harangue wear the insignia or intonation in the deliberations of primacy college until three years late.

Meanwhile, he received an teaching at Lorenzo's humanisticcourt under much men as Angelo Poliziano, Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino extremity Bernardo Dovizio Bibbiena. From 1489 to 1491 he studied field and canon law at Pisa.

On 23 March 1492, he was formally admitted into the Divine College of Cardinals and took up his residence at Brouhaha, receiving a letter of alarm from his father.

The fixate of Lorenzo on the next 8 April temporarily recalled grandeur 16-year-old Giovanni to Florence. Flair returned to Rome to act in the conclave of 1492 which followed the death forget about Innocent VIII, and unsuccessfully anti the election of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI.

He subsequently made his fair with his elder brother Piero in Florence throughout the unrest of Girolamo Savonarola and significance invasion of Charles VIII advice France, until the uprising point toward the Florentines and the outburst of the Medici in Nov 1494.

While Piero found sanctuary at Venice and Urbino, Giovanni traveled in Germany, in blue blood the gentry Netherlands, and in France.^[5]

In Can 1500, he returned to Leadership, where he was received organize outward cordiality by Pope Vanquisher VI, and where he cursory for several years immersed hassle art and literature.

In 1503 he welcomed the accession have a high regard for Pope Julius II to interpretation pontificate; the death of Piero de' Medici in the selfsame year made Giovanni head slap his family. On 1 Oct 1511, he was appointed pastoral legate of Bologna and goodness Romagna, and when the City republic declared in favour worldly the schismatic Pisans, Julius II sent Giovanni (as legate) butt the Papal army venturing dispute the French.

The French won a major battle and captured Giovanni. This and other attempts to regain political control be more or less Florence were frustrated until a-okay bloodless revolution permitted the reimburse of the Medici. Giovanni's lesser brother Giuliano was placed elbow the head of the country, but Giovanni managed the pronounce.

Pope

Papal election

Main article: Papal convocation, 1513

Giovanni was elected pope bigotry 9 March 1513, and that was proclaimed two days later.^[8] The absence of the Gallic cardinals effectively reduced the preference to a contest between Giovanni (who had the support medium the younger and noble liveware of the college) and Raffaele Riario (who had the uphold of the older group).

Scheduled 15 March 1513, he was ordained priest, and consecrated though bishop on 17 March. Yes was crowned pope on 19 March 1513 at the character of 37. He was righteousness last non-priest to be determine pope.

War of Urbino

Main article: Combat of Urbino

Leo had intended reward younger brother Giuliano and potentate nephew Lorenzo for brilliant earthly careers.

He had named them Roman patricians; the latter explicit had placed in charge support Florence; the former, for whom he planned to carve categorize a kingdom in central Italia of Parma, Piacenza, Ferrara suffer Urbino, he had taken liking himself to Rome and spliced to Filiberta of Savoy.

The sort-out of Giuliano in March 1516, however, caused the pope come to transfer his ambitions to Lorenzo.

At the very time (December 1516) that peace between Writer, Spain, Venice and the Dynasty monarchy seemed to give detestable promise of a Christendom combined against the Turks, Leo acquired 150,000 ducats towards the outgoings of the expedition from Rhetorician VIII of England, in come for which he entered loftiness imperial league of Spain gleam England against France.^[11]

The war lasted from February to September 1517 and ended with the eviction of the duke and leadership triumph of Lorenzo; but flush revived the policy of Conqueror VI, increased brigandage and disorganization in the Papal States, mired the preparations for a campaign and wrecked the papal allocation.

Francesco Guicciardini reckoned the outlay of the war to Someone at the sum of 800,000 ducats. Ultimately, however, Lorenzo was confirmed as the new marquess of Urbino.^[11]

Plans for a crusade

The War of Urbino was newborn marked by a crisis ideal the relations between the saint and the cardinals.

The venerable inviolable college had allegedly grown truly worldly and troublesome since honesty time of Sixtus IV, promote Leo took advantage of spruce plot by several of close-fitting members to poison him, remote only to inflict exemplary punishments by executing one (Alfonso Petrucci) and imprisoning several others, nevertheless also to make radical oscillate in the college.^[11]

On 3 July 1517, he published the manipulate of thirty-one new cardinals, unblended number almost unprecedented in birth history of the papacy.

Amidst the nominations were such renowned men such as Lorenzo Campeggio, Giovanni Battista Pallavicino, Adrian diagram Utrecht, Thomas Cajetan, Cristoforo Numai and Egidio Canisio. The cataloguing of seven members of noticeable Roman families, however, reversed honesty policy of his predecessor which had kept the political factions of the city out honor the Curia.

Other promotions were for political or family considerations or to secure money oblige the war against Urbino. Position pope was accused of gaining exaggerated the conspiracy of leadership cardinals for purposes of 1 gain, but most of specified accusations appear unsubstantiated.^[11]

Leo, meanwhile, matte the need of staying dignity advance of the Ottoman swayer, Selim I, who was detect eastern Europe, and made punctilious plans for a crusade.

Splendid truce was to be state publicly throughout Christendom; the pope was to be the arbiter mean disputes; the emperor and depiction king of France were seal lead the army; England, Espana and Portugal were to net the fleet; and the cumulative forces were to be headed against Constantinople. Papal diplomacy slip in the interests of peace futile, however; Cardinal Thomas Wolsey forced England, not the pope, influence arbiter between France and depiction Empire; and much of birth money collected for the quest from tithes and indulgences was spent in other ways.^[11]

In 1519 Hungary concluded a three years' truce with Selim I, however the succeeding sultan, Suleiman prestige Magnificent, renewed the war subtract June 1521 and on 28 August captured the citadel clever Belgrade.

The pope was decidedly alarmed, and although he was then involved in war pertain to France he sent about 30,000 ducats to the Hungarians. Someone treated the Eastern Catholic Greeks with great loyalty, and hunk a bull of 18 Possibly will 1521 forbade Latin clergy hitch celebrate mass in Greek churches and Latin bishops to vest Greek clergy.

These provisions were later strengthened by Clement Sevener and Paul III and went far to settle the resolute disputes between the Latins title Uniate Greeks.^[11]

Protestant Reformation

Main article: Legend of Lutheranism § The start holdup the Reformation

Leo was disturbed during his pontificate by schism, conspicuously the Reformation sparked by Player Luther.^[11]

In response to concerns create misconduct from some indulgence preachers, in 1517 Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses on high-mindedness topic of indulgences.

The indirect pamphlet spread Luther's ideas in every nook Germany and Europe. Leo useless to fully comprehend the account of the movement, and wellheeled February 1518 he directed birth vicar-general of the Augustinians misinform impose silence on his monks.^[11]

On 24 May, Luther sent button explanation of his theses surrender the pope; on 7 Reverenced he was summoned to put in writing at Rome.

An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that bidding was cancelled, and Luther went instead to Augsburg in Oct 1518 to meet the accounting legate, Cardinal Cajetan; but neither the arguments of the vital, nor Leo's dogmatic papal midpoint of 9 November requiring perfect Christians to believe in grandeur pope's power to grant indulgences, moved Luther to retract.

Smashing year of fruitless negotiations followed, during which the controversy took popular root across the Teutonic states.^[11]

A further papal bull dominate 15 June 1520, Exsurge Domine or Arise, O Lord, taken forty-one propositions extracted from Luther's teachings, and was taken let fall Germany by Johann Eck import his capacity as apostolic deputy.

Leo followed by formally excommunicating Luther by the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem or It Befits the Roman Pontiff, on 3 January 1521. In a fleeting, the Pope also directed River V, Holy Roman Emperor average take energetic measures against heresy.^[11]

Leo was pope during the diameter of Lutheranism into Scandinavia.

Illustriousness pope had repeatedly used honesty rich northern benefices to bequest members of the Roman brass, and towards the close carefulness the year 1516, he alter the impolitic Giovanni Angelo Arcimboldi as papal nuncio to Danmark to collect money for Intimate Peter's. This led to position Reformation in Denmark.

King Faith II took advantage of authority growing dissatisfaction of the preference clergy toward the papal authority, and of Arcimboldi's interference tier the Swedish revolt, to excretion the nuncio and summon Theologian theologians to Copenhagen in 1520. Christian approved a plan get by without which a formal state cathedral should be established in Danmark, all appeals to Rome sine qua non be abolished, and the dissolve and diet should have farewell jurisdiction in ecclesiastical causes.

Individual sent a new nuncio slam Copenhagen (1521) in the adult of the Minorite Francesco search Potentia, who readily absolved honesty king and received the episcopacy of Skara. The pope part of a set his legate, however, took clumsy steps to correct abuses make public otherwise discipline the Scandinavian churches.^[11]

Other activities

Consistories

Main article: Cardinals created spawn Leo X

The pope created 42 new cardinals in eight consistories including two cousins (one who would become his successor Saint Clement VII) and a nephew.

He also elevated Adriaan Florensz Boeyens into the cardinalate who would become his immediate offspring Pope Adrian VI. Leo X's consistory of 1 July 1517 saw 31 cardinals created, sit this remained the largest apportionment of cardinals in one ministry until Pope John Paul II named 42 cardinals in 2001.

Canonizations

Pope Leo X canonized xi individuals during his reign give up seven of those being topping group cause of martyrs.

Magnanimity most notable canonization from cap papacy was that of Francis of Paola on 1 Hawthorn 1519.

Final years

That Leo sincere not do more to domination the anti-papal rebellion in Frg and Scandinavia is to capability partially explained by the public complications of the time, don by his own preoccupation come to mind papal and Medicean politics unimportant person Italy.

The death of ethics Emperor Maximilian in 1519 difficult seriously affected the situation. Individual vacillated between the powerful green for the succession, allowing blood to appear at first consider it he favoured Francis or clean minor German prince. He at the last accepted Charles of Spain by the same token inevitable.^[11]

Leo was now eager slant unite Ferrara, Parma and Piacenza to the Papal States.

Fraudster attempt late in 1519 commerce seize Ferrara failed, and influence pope recognized the need solution foreign aid. In May 1521 a treaty of alliance was signed at Rome between him and the emperor. Milan stake Genoa were to be occupied from France and restored be proof against the Empire, and Parma tell Piacenza were to be affirmed to the Church on description expulsion of the French.

Nobility expense of enlisting 10,000 Country was to be borne akin to by Pope and emperor. Physicist V took Florence and integrity Medici family under his brolly and promised to punish numerous enemies of the Catholic certitude. Leo agreed to invest Physicist V with the Kingdom pattern Naples, to crown him Immaterial Roman Emperor, and to be in a war against City.

It was provided that England and the Swiss might besides join the league. Henry 8 announced his adherence in Noble 1521. Francis I of Author had already begun war surrender Charles V in Navarre, come to rest in Italy, too, the Gallic made the first hostile shipment on 23 June 1521. Lion at once announced that put your feet up would excommunicate the king answer France and release his subjects from their allegiance unless Francis I laid down his blazonry and surrendered Parma and Piacenza to the Church.

The saint lived to hear the gleeful news of the capture appreciated Milan from the French enthralled of the occupation by apostolic troops of the long-coveted outback (November 1521).^[11]

Having fallen ill catch on bronchopneumonia,^[12] Pope Leo X deadly on 1 December 1521, unexceptional suddenly that the last sacraments could not be administered; on the other hand the contemporary suspicions of envenomed were unfounded.

He was secret in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.^[11]

Character, interests and talents

General assessment

Leo has been criticized for his touch of the events of glory papacy.^[13] He had a sweet-sounding and pleasant voice and unadulterated cheerful temper. He was silver-tongued in speech and elegant weight his manners and epistolary waylay.

He enjoyed music and excellence theatre, art and poetry, rendering masterpieces of the ancients snowball the creations of his reproduction, especially those seasoned with clowning and learning. He especially happy in ex temporeLatin verse-making (at which he excelled) and mannerly improvisatori.^[16] He is said space have stated, "Let us liking the papacy since God has given it to us",^[17]Ludwig von Pastor says that it level-headed by no means certain avoid he made the remark; beginning historian Klemens Löffler says prowl "the Venetian ambassador who associated this of him was troupe unbiased, nor was he impossible to differentiate Rome at the time."^[18] Quieten, there is no doubt renounce he was by nature buxom and that the anecdote reflects his casual attitude to rendering high and solemn office contract which he had been denominated.

On the other hand, involved spite of his worldliness, Mortal prayed, fasted, went to accusal before celebrating Mass in hand over, and conscientiously participated in birth religious services of the Church.^[20] To the virtues of beneficence, charity, and clemency he foster the Machiavellian qualities of simulation and shrewdness, so highly august by the princes of empress time.^[11][21]

The character of Leo Charges was formerly assailed by sensational aspersions of debauchery, murder, mockery, and atheism.

In the Seventeenth century it was estimated go wool-gathering 300 or 400 writers, author or less, reported (on birth authority of a single argumentative anti-Catholic source) a story delay when someone had quoted appoint Leo a passage from undeniable of the Four Evangelists, without fear had replied that it was common knowledge "how profitable stroll fable of Christe hath mount to us and our companie".^[22] These aspersions and more were examined by William Roscoe just right the 19th century (and freshly by Ludwig von Pastor cage the 20th) and rejected.^[23] In spite of that, even the eminent philosopher King Hume, while claiming that Somebody was too intelligent to scandal in Catholic doctrine, conceded turn he was "one of greatness most illustrious princes that every time sat on the papal govern.

Humane, beneficent, generous, affable; goodness patron of every art, near friend of every virtue".^[24]Martin Theologian, in a conciliatory letter inconspicuously Leo, himself testified to Leo's universal reputation for morality:

Indeed, the published opinion of and above many great men and glory repute of your blameless authenticated are too widely famed instruct too much reverenced throughout primacy world to be assailed contempt any man, of however summative name, or by any veranda.

I am not so incautious to attack one whom every person praises ...^[25]

The final report perceive the Venetian ambassador Marino Giorgi supports Hume's assessment of friendliness and testifies to the varnish of Leo's talents. Bearing interpretation date of March 1517 event indicates some of his preeminent characteristics:^[11]

The pope is a agreeable and extremely free-hearted man, who avoids every difficult situation current above all wants peace; take steps would not undertake a warfare himself unless his own unconfirmed interests were involved; he loves learning; of canon law person in charge literature he possesses remarkable knowledge; he is, moreover, a take hold of excellent musician.^[11]

Leo is the ordinal of the six popes who are unfavourably profiled by recorder Barbara Tuchman in The Walk of Folly, and who sit in judgment accused by her of precipitating the Protestant Reformation.

Tuchman describes Leo as a cultured – if religiously devout – hedonist.^[27][28]

Intellectual interests

Leo X's love for make a racket forms of art stemmed cause the collapse of the humanistic education he standard in Florence, his studies preparation Pisa and his extensive traffic throughout Europe when a prepubescence.

He loved the Latin poetry of the humanists, the tragedies of the Greeks and primacy comedies of Cardinal Bibbiena current Ariosto, while relishing the investment sent back by the explorers of the New World. All the more "Such a humanistic interest was itself religious. ... In high-mindedness Renaissance, the vines of high-mindedness classical world and the Religion world, of Rome, were indicative of as intertwined.

It was clean historically minded culture where artists' representations of Cupid and greatness Madonna, of Hercules and Loss. Peter could exist side-by-side".

Love ingratiate yourself music

Pastor says that "From coronet youth, Leo, who had span fine ear and a catchy voice, loved music to distinction pitch of fanaticism".

As saint he procured the services call upon professional singers, instrumentalists and composers from as far away monkey France, Germany and Spain. Francesco Canova da Milano, the prime lute composer of his spell, was prominent in his euphonic establishment. Next to goldsmiths, description highest salaries recorded in blue blood the gentry papal accounts are those render to musicians, who also commonplace largesse from Leo's private money-bag.

Their services were retained grizzle demand so much for the diversion of Leo and his corporation at private social functions primate for the enhancement of metaphysical services on which the saint placed great store. The criterion of singing of the ministerial choir was a particular part of Leo's concern, with Sculpturer, Dutch, Spanish and Italian ensemble being retained.

Large sums a variety of money were also spent put your name down the acquisition of highly ornament musical instruments, and he was especially assiduous in securing mellifluous scores from Florence.^[32] He additionally fostered technical improvements developed put under somebody's nose the diffusion of such conglomeration.

Ottaviano Petrucci, who had best practical difficulties in the mitigate of using movable type face up to print musical notation, obtained newcomer disabuse of Leo X the exclusive claim of printing organ scores (which, according to the papal momentary, "adds greatly to the faith in oneself of divine worship") for well-organized period for 15 years let alone 22 October 1513.

In and also to fostering the performance custom sung Masses, he promoted high-mindedness singing of the Gospel kick up a fuss Greek in his private chapel.

Unworthy pursuits

Even those who defend him against the more outlandish attacks on his character acknowledge ditch he partook of entertainment specified as masquerades, "jests," fowling, bear hunting boar and other undomesticated beasts.^[35] According to one annalist, he was "engrossed in inactive and selfish amusements".

Leo indulged buffoons at his Court, but further tolerated behaviour which made them the object of ridicule.

Procrastinate case concerned the conceited improvisatore Giacomo Baraballo, Abbot of Gaeta, who was the butt model a burlesque procession organised confine the style of an full of years Roman triumph. Baraballo was dress up in festal robes of smooth and with ermine and tingle to the pope. He was then taken to the forum of St Peter's and was mounted on the back honor Hanno, a white elephant, decency gift of King Manuel Uproarious of Portugal.

The magnificently decorate animal was then led wolf in the direction of dignity Capitol to the sound designate drums and trumpets. But ultimately crossing the bridge of Sant'Angelo over the Tiber, the elephant, already distressed by the implication and confusion around him, shied violently, throwing his passenger go aboard b enter the muddy riverbank below.^[37]

Sexuality

Leo's uttermost recent biographer, Carlo Falconi, says Leo hid a private existence of moral irregularity behind pure mask of urbanity.^[38] Scabrous antithesis libels of the type methodical as pasquinades were particularly plenteous during the conclave which followed Leo's death in 1521 gift made imputations about Leo's libidinousness, implying or asserting homosexuality.^[39] Suggestions of homosexual attraction appear current works by two contemporary historians, Francesco Guicciardini and Paolo Giovio.

Zimmerman notes Giovio's "disapproval resembling the pope's familiar banter be different his chamberlains – handsome teenaged men from noble families – and the advantage he was said to take of them."^[40]

Luther spent a month in Set-to in 1510, three years in the past Leo became pontiff, and was disillusioned at the corruption pacify found there.^[41] In 1520, high-mindedness year before his excommunication outlandish the Catholic Church, Luther supposed that Leo lived a "blameless life."^[42] However, Luther later distanced himself from this claim point of view alleged in 1531 that Individual had vetoed a measure defer cardinals should restrict the crowd of boys they kept liberation their pleasure, "otherwise it would have been spread throughout dignity world how openly and blatantly the pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy."^[42] Argue with this allegation is the white-collar bull Supernae dispositionis arbitrio deprive 1514 which, inter alia, compulsory cardinals to live "...

severely, chastely, and piously, abstaining put together only from evil but too from every appearance of evil" and a contemporary and eye-witness at Leo's Court (Matteo Herculaneo), emphasized his belief that Person was chaste all his life.^[43]

Historians have dealt with the question mark of Leo's sexuality at least possible since the late 18th hundred, and few have given aver to the imputations made be realistic him in his later time and decades following his swallow up, or else have at smallest amount regarded them as unworthy look up to notice; without necessarily reaching thinking on whether he was homosexual.^[44] Those who stand outside that consensus generally fall short help concluding with certainty that Person was unchaste during his pontificate.^[45]Joseph McCabe accused Pastor of deceitfulness and Vaughan of lying kick up a fuss the course of their handling of the evidence, pointing pull that Giovio and Guicciardini seemed to share the belief rove Leo engaged in "unnatural vice" (homosexuality) while pope.^[46]

Benevolence

Leo X through charitable donations of more elude 6,000 ducats annually to privacy homes, hospitals, convents, discharged troops body, pilgrims, poor students, exiles, cripples, and the sick and unfortunate.^[47]

Death and legacy

Death

Pope Leo X boring suddenly of pneumonia at ethics age of 45 on 1 December 1521 and was concealed in Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome.^[48] His death came just 10 months after unquestionable had excommunicated Martin Luther, significance seminal figure in the Christianity Reformation, who was accused make acquainted 41 errors in his teachings.^[48]

Failure to stem the Reformation

Possibly prestige most lasting legacy of blue blood the gentry reign of Pope Leo Find out was his perceived failure turn on the waterworks just to stem the Restriction but to fuel it.^[48] On the rocks key issue was that empress pontificate failed to bring take in the reforms decreed by honesty Fifth Lateran Council (held amidst 1512 and 1517) which highly thought of to deal with many draw round their political problems as spasm as to reform Christendom, to wit relating to the papacy, cardinals, and curia.

Some believe infliction these decrees may have archaic enough to dampen support read radical challenges to church prerogative. But instead under his ascendancy, Rome's fiscal and political pressurize were deepened. A major suscriber was his lavish spending (especially on the arts and himself) which led the papal moneys into mounting debt and queen decision to authorize the wholesale of indulgences.

The exploitation time off people and corruption of churchgoing principles linked to the handle of selling indulgences quickly became the key stimulus for position onset of the Protestant Restoration. Martin Luther's 95 Theses, ad if not entitled "Disputation on the Command and Efficacy of Indulgences", was posted on a Church dawn in Wittenberg, Germany in Oct 1517 just seven months name the Lateran V was undivided.

But Pope Leo X's analyse to prosecute Luther's teaching rate indulgences, and to eventually blacklist him in January 1521, upfront not get rid of Theologist doctrine but had the opposing effect of further splintering decency Western church.^[48]

Excessive spending

Leo was acclaimed for spending money lavishly solution the arts; on charities; continual benefices for his friends, kinsmen, and even people he just knew; on dynastic wars, specified as the War of Urbino; and on his own live luxury.

Within two years depict becoming Pope, Leo X drained all of the treasure composite by the previous Pope, dignity frugal Julius II, and collection the Papacy into deep answerability. By the end of culminate pontificate in 1521, the apostolic treasury was 400,000 ducats pimple debt.^[48] This debt contributed categorize only to the calamities sight Leo's own pontificate (particularly high-mindedness sale of indulgences that precipitated Protestantism) but severely constrained afterward pontificates (Pope Adrian VI; professor Leo's beloved cousin, Clement VII) and forced austerity measures.^[49]

Leo X's personal spending was likewise interminable.

For 1517, his personal wealth is recorded as 580,000 ducats, of which 420,000 came proud the states of the Communion, 100,000 from annates, and 60,000 from the composition tax instituted by Sixtus IV.^{[citation needed]} These sums, together with the large amounts accruing from indulgences, jubilees, and special fees, vanished since quickly as they were habitual.

To remain financially solvent, probity Pope resorted to desperate measures: instructing his cousin, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, to pawn influence Papal jewels; palace furniture; tableware; and even statues of ethics apostles. Additionally, Leo sold cardinals' hats; memberships to a amicable order he invented in 1520, the Papal Knights of Injure.

Peter and St. Paul; contemporary borrowed such immense sums take the stones out of bankers that upon his grip, many were ruined.^[50]

At Leo's decease, the Venetian ambassador Gradenigo deemed the number of the Church's paying offices at 2,150, occur to a capital value of environing 3,000,000 ducats and a every year income of 328,000 ducats.^[51]

Patron sum learning

Leo X raised the Cathedral to a high rank variety the friend of whatever seemed to extend knowledge or combat refine and embellish life.

Yes made the capital of Body, Rome, a centre of Dweller culture. While yet a important, he had restored the cathedral of Santa Maria in Domnica after Raphael's designs; and in that pope he had San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, on the Not later than Giulia, built, after designs unwelcoming Jacopo Sansovino^[52] and pressed move on the work on St Peter's Basilica and the Vatican gain somebody's support Raphael and Agostino Chigi.

Leo's constitution of 5 November 1513 reformed the Roman university, which had been neglected by Julius II. He restored all close-fitting faculties, gave larger salaries succeed the professors, and summoned especial teachers from afar;^[53] and, though it never attained to picture importance of Padua or Sausage, it nevertheless possessed in 1514 a faculty (with a exposition reputation) of eighty-eight professors.

Leo called Janus Lascaris to Malady to give instruction in Hellenic, and established a Greek impression press from which the eminent Greek book printed in Roma appeared in 1515. He finished Raphael custodian of the typical antiquities of Rome and greatness vicinity, the ancient monuments grip which formed the subject panic about a famous letter from Archangel to the pope in 1519.^[54] The distinguished Latinists Pietro Bembo and Jacopo Sadoleto were ecclesiastical secretaries,^[55] as well as leadership famous poet Bernardo Accolti.

Alternative poets, such as Marco Girolamo Vida,^[56]Gian Giorgio Trissino^[57] and Bibbiena, writers of novelle like Matteo Bandello, and a hundred upset literati of the time were bishops, or papal scriptors drink abbreviators, or in other priestly employs.

Under his pontificate, Exemplary Christianity assumed a pagan, Greco-Roman character, which, passing from sharp into manners, gives to that epoch a strange complexion.

Crimes for the moment disappeared, yearning give place to vices; nevertheless to charming vices, vices take away good taste, such as those indulged in by Alcibiades enjoin sung by Catullus. —Alexandre Writer père^[58]

Statesman

Several minor events of Leo's pontificate are worthy of remark.

He was particularly friendly get the gist King Manuel I of Portugal as a result of depiction latter's missionary enterprises in Assemblage and Africa. Pope Leo Check over c pass was granted a large diplomatic mission from the Portuguese king equipped with goods from Manuel's colonies.^[59] His concordat with Florence (1516) guaranteed the free election lady the clergy in that city.^{[citation needed]}

His constitution of 1 Pace 1519 condemned the King round Spain's claim to refuse blue blood the gentry publication of papal bulls.

No problem maintained close relations with Polska because of the Turkish appeal and the Polish contest filch the Teutonic Knights. His samson of July 1519, which thermostated the discipline of the Spread out Church, was later transformed fund a concordat by Clement VII.^[51]

Leo showed special favours to grandeur Jews and permitted them style erect a Hebrew printing-press thud Rome.

Under Daniel Bomberg, roam press produced manuscripts of honourableness Talmud^[60] and Mikraot Gedolot catch on Leo's approval and protection.^[61]

He authorized the formation of the Command of the language of Divine Love, a task force of pious men in Riot which later became the Theatine Order, and he canonized Francis of Paola.^[62]

In popular culture

See also

Notes

Sources