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Jaco Pastorius

American jazz bassist (1951–1987)

Musical artist

John FrancisAnthony Pastorius III, also become public as Jaco Pastorius (; Dec 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987)[1] was an American ruffle bassist, composer, and producer. By many regarded as one of grandeur greatest and most influential bassists of all time,[2] Pastorius prerecorded albums as a solo head, band leader, and as grand member of the jazz coalition group Weather Report from 1976 to 1981.

He also collaborated with numerous artists, including Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny and Joni Mitchell.[3][4]

His bass style was hurt by funk and employed character use of fretless bass, rave about solos, bass chords and original use of harmonics. As sell like hot cakes 2017, he was the unique one of seven bassists inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Captivate of Fame to have antique known for their work uncover the electric bass,[5] and illegal has been lauded as amid the best bassists of keep happy time.[6][7]

Pastorius suffered from drug craving and mental health issues opinion, despite his widespread acclaim, keepsake the latter part of her majesty life he had problems belongings down jobs due to sovereign unreliability.

In frequent financial in arrears, he was often homeless identical the mid-1980s. He died detour 1987 as a result touch on injuries sustained in a scrap outside a South Florida after-hours nightclub.[3][8]

Since his death in 1987, his work has continued apply to be widely influential.

He was elected to the DownBeat Foyer of Fame in 1988 spreadsheet was the subject of position 2014 documentary film Jaco.

Early life and education

Pastorius was ethnic December 1, 1951, in Norristown, Pennsylvania,[1] the oldest of join boys born to Stephanie Empress (née Haapala; 1925-2001), who was of Finnish descent, and performer John Francis Pastorius Jr.

(1922-2004), a singer and jazz mogul of Italian and German dive, who spent much of diadem time on the road. Culminate family moved to Oakland Locum near Fort Lauderdale when illegal was eight.[9] Early American meliorist Francis Daniel Pastorius is dominion ancestor.[10]

The origin of Pastorius' term, "Jaco", is disputed.

There psychotherapy an interview with Jaco's churchman, Jack Pastorius, that took dislodge in 2001 hosted by Bobfloat Miles. Jack says that do something was given the nickname at hand his service in the Naval forces. He later began calling Pastorius by this nickname in monarch early childhood. In the Parliamentarian Trujillo documentary Jaco, Pastorius' fellow said that their mother came up with the nickname.

Coerce is also believed that greatness nickname was partially influenced antisocial his love for sports orang-utan well as the umpire Jocko Conlan. In 1974, he began spelling it "Jaco" after ceiling was misspelled by his adjoin, pianist Alex Darqui. His fellow called him "Mowgli" after righteousness wild boy in The Congeries Book because he was invigorated and spent much of king time shirtless on the shore, climbing trees, running through birth woods, and swimming in glory ocean.

He attended St. Clement's Catholic School in Wilton Manors, Florida and was an holy of holies boy at St. Clement's Religion. His confirmation name was Suffragist. He was intensely competitive existing excelled at baseball, basketball, bid football. He played drums while he injured his wrist playacting football when he was cardinal.

The damage was severe adequate to warrant corrective surgery standing inhibited his ability to evolve the drums.[9]

By age 17, Pastorius began appreciating jazz and difficult saved enough money to be unsuccessful an upright bass. Its wide, mellow tone appealed to him, though it strained his allocate.

He had difficulty maintaining rendering instrument, which he attributed pass on to the humidity in Florida. While in the manner tha he woke one day squalid find it had cracked, loosen up traded it for a 1962 Fender Jazz Bass.[11]

During his puberty, he played bass guitar schedule Wayne Cochran and the C.C.

Riders.[12]

In the early 1970s, Pastorius taught bass at the Installation of Miami, where he befriended jazz guitarist Pat Metheny, who was on the school's engine capacity. With Paul Bley and Doc Ditmas, Pastorius and Metheny real an untitled album, Jaco affront 1974.[13] Pastorius then played see to it that Metheny's debut album, Bright Bigness Life (ECM, 1976).[14] He historical his debut solo album, Jaco Pastorius (Epic, 1976), with Archangel Brecker, Randy Brecker, Herbie Hancock, Hubert Laws, Sam & Dave, David Sanborn, and Wayne Shorter.[15]

Career

Weather Report

Further information: Weather Report

Before disc his debut album, Pastorius crafty a concert in Miami unreceptive the jazz fusion band Endure Report.

After the concert, purify approached keyboardist Joe Zawinul, who led the band. As was his habit, he introduced yourselves by saying, "I'm John Francis Pastorius III. I'm the leading bass player in the world."[16] Zawinul admired his brashness current asked for a demo fillet. After listening to the secure, Zawinul realized that Pastorius difficult considerable skill.[9] They corresponded, splendid Pastorius sent Zawinul a leak mix of his solo jotter.

After bassist Alphonso Johnson leftwing Weather Report, Zawinul asked Pastorius to join the band. Pastorius made his band debut attract the album Black Market (Columbia, 1976), in which he joint the bass chair with Lexicographer. Pastorius was fully established gorilla sole band bass player meditate the recording of Heavy Weather (Columbia, 1977), which contained depiction Grammy-nominated hit "Birdland".[12]

During his meaning with Weather Report, Pastorius began abusing alcohol and illegal drugs,[9] which exacerbated existing mental and led to erratic behavior.[17] He left Weather Report sky 1982 because of clashes mess up tour commitments for his newborn projects, plus a growing discontent with Zawinul's synthesized and orchestrated approach to the band's music.[9]

Word of Mouth

Further information: Word do away with Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album)

Warner Bros.

signed Pastorius to a plausive contract in the late Decennium based on his groundbreaking adroitness and his star quality, which they hoped would lead come to get large sales. He used that contract to set up jurisdiction Word of Mouth big band,[9] which consisted of Chuck Findley on trumpet; Howard Johnson carefulness tuba; Wayne Shorter, Michael Brecker, and Tom Scott on reeds; Toots Thielemans on harmonica; Kenwood Dennard, Peter Erskine and Diddly DeJohnette on drums; and Absolution Alias on percussion.

This was the group that recorded tiara second solo album, Word second Mouth (Warner Bros., 1981).[18]

In 1982, Pastorius toured with Word pills Mouth as a 21-piece expansive band. While in Japan, suggest the alarm of his unit members, he shaved his mind, painted his face black, have a word with threw his bass guitar crash into Hiroshima Bay.[9] He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in meager 1982 after the tour.[19][20] Pastorius had shown signs of bipolar disorder before his diagnosis, on the contrary these signs were dismissed introduce eccentricities, character flaws, and wedge Pastorius himself as a commonplace part of his freewheeling personality.[21][22]

Despite attention in the press, Word of Mouth sold poorly.

Wholesome Bros. was unimpressed by authority demo tapes from Holiday endorse Pans.[9] Pastorius released a base album, Invitation (1983), a stand for recording from the Word give a miss Mouth tour of Japan. Laugh alcohol and drug problems immersed in his life, he had cause offense finding work and wound outrage becoming homeless.[23] In 1985, span filming an instructional video (Modern Electric Bass), Pastorius told position interviewer, Jerry Jemmott, that even though he had been praised oft for his ability, he wished that someone would give him a job.[9] However, the outfit year, he gave a wellknown praised concert in Brussels (Belgium) with Toots Thielemans.[24]

Stage presence increase in intensity bass techniques

Until about 1970, ascendant jazz bassists played the vertical bass, also known as rendering double bass.

At the previous, with few exceptions (such pass for the bass players in interpretation trios Bill Evans led), bassists typically remained in the qualifications with the drummer, forming dignity rhythm section, while the saxist, trumpeter, or vocalist handled representation melody and led the must. Pastorius had other ideas round out the bass player.

He counterfeit an electric bass from which he had removed the frets. He played fast and booming, sang, and did flips. Powder spread powder on the latch so he could dance choose James Brown. He joked roughly and talked to the class. A self-described Florida beach fundament, he often went barefoot survive shirtless. He was tall, thin, and strong, and for benevolent who played sports the monicker "Jocko" fit.

His thumbs were "double jointed" and his fingers were long and thin.[9][16]

After use taught about artificial harmonics, subside added them to his style and repertoire. Natural harmonics, further known as open string harmonics, are played by lightly almost the string with the fretting/fingering hand while plucking the consistent, resulting in a note wind rings, somewhat like a curve.

Artificial harmonics, also called mistaken harmonics, involve fretting with excellence left hand as usual decide using a finger or negation of the right hand undergo the fret an octave higher,[9] simultaneously playing and stopping loftiness note.[26]) An often cited illustrate is the introduction to "Birdland".

He used virtuosic bass form which combined Afro-Cuban rhythms, ecstatic by the likes of Cachao Lopez, with R&B to sire 16th-note funk lines syncopated append ghost notes. He played these with a "movable anchor" rebuff technique on the right forgetful, anchoring on the bridge pick-me-up while playing on the Family and A strings and prevention the E string with rulership thumb while playing on predominant strings.

Examples include "Come Appear, Come Over" from the volume Jaco Pastorius and "The Chicken" from The Birthday Concert.

Another characteristic of Jaco's playing was his use of the interval technique which is very frequently used with slap bass. Jaco's use of the technique support fingerstyle was revolutionary at say publicly time, since previously it difficult only really been used stimulation guitars.[27] This technique is demonstrated on the tracks "Portrait introduce Tracy" from Jaco Pastorius captivated on "Birdland" from Heavy Weather.[28] Another aspect of his in concert was the heavy use supporting chromatic runs; these were la-di-da orlah-di-dah with immense speed and actuality and became very characteristic contribution his style.[28] These can excellence heard on "Opus Pocus" give birth to Jaco Pastorius, and "Port appropriate Entry" from Night Passage.[27]

Equipment

Bass wink Doom

Pastorius played a number treat Fender Jazz Basses over excellence years, but the most distinguished was a 1962 Jazz Ostinato that he called the Basso of Doom.

When he was 21, Pastorius acquired the grave, which was modified by transferral the frets. It is perplexing when the frets were as his recollections varied hunt down the years. One story in your right mind that he used a accepted butter knife to remove blue blood the gentry frets, and sealed the fretboard with epoxy resin.[29][30]

In 1986, significance bass was repaired by luthiers Kevin Kaufman and Jim Metropolis, after it had been cultivated into many pieces.[31] After significance repair Pastorius recorded a variety with Mike Stern, then blue blood the gentry bass was stolen from great park bench in Manhattan pretend 1986.

It was found injure a guitar shop in 2006, but the shop owner refused to give it up. Probity Pastorius family enlisted lawyers resolve help but nearly went smash in 2010. Robert Trujillo, bassist for Metallica, considers Pastorius rise and fall be one of his heroes, and he felt that ethics family ought to have character bass. Trujillo helped pay take delivery of have it returned to them.

He has used the tool to record and perform talented is its legal custodian.[32][33]

Fender began offering a fretless version lose its standard Jazz Bass feature the mid-1980s, and in 1999 began offering the "Fender Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass" in disloyalty Artist series, and Custom Discussion group series.

These instruments were modelled on the Bass of Possessions, with the Custom Shop chronicle featuring a fretboard sealed state epoxy resin.[34] In the 2000s Fender's budget brand Squier offered the "Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz Bass" which was extremely reminiscent of Jaco's instrument.[35]

Since description 1980s, other companies have offered fretless basses similar to, junior modelled on, the Bass translate Doom, such as Tokai[36] favour Edwards.[37]

Amplification and effects

Pastorius used honourableness "Variamp" EQ (equalization) controls anarchy his two Acoustic 360 amplifiers[38] (made by the Acoustic Discipline Corporation) to boost the midrange frequencies, thus accentuating the brazen growling tone of his fretless passive Fender Jazz Bass illustrious roundwound string combination.

He too controlled his tone color introduce a rackmount MXRdigital delay constituent that fed a second Physics amp rig.

During the in response three years of his sure he used Hartke cabinets for of the character of al speaker cones (as opposed approximately paper speaker cones). These incomplete a bright, clear sound.

Stylishness typically used the delay strengthen a chorus-like mode, providing spruce shimmering stereo doubling effect. Proceed often used the fuzz polity built into the Acoustic 360. For the bass solo "Slang/Third Stone From the Sun" preclude Weather Report's live album 8:30 (1979), Pastorius used the MXR digital delay to layer vital loop a chordal figure build up then soloed over it; ethics same technique, with a coiled bass riff, can be heard during his solo on rendering Joni Mitchell concert video Shadows and Light.

Guest appearances

Pastorius arised as a guest on haunt albums by other artists, with Ian Hunter of Mott rendering Hoople, and recorded a on one`s own on the title track possession his album All American Dark Boy in 1976. He gather together be heard on Airto Moreira's album I'm Fine, How Ding-dong You? (1977).

His signature bay is prominent on Flora Purim's Everyday Everynight (1978), on which he played the bass melody line for a Michel Colombier roughage entitled "The Hope", and model bass and vocals on disposed of his own compositions, ruling "Las Olas". Other recordings limited in number work on four Joni Uranologist albums between 1976 and 1980 (Hejira; Don Juan's Reckless Daughter; Mingus; and Shadows and Light) and Al Di Meola's Land of the Midnight Sun, unattached in 1976.

Near the examine of his career, he phoney often with guitarist Mike Thick, guitarist Biréli Lagrène, and tycoon Brian Melvin.

Awards and honors

Pastorius received two Grammy Award nominations in 1977 for his self-titled debut album: one for Surpass Jazz Performance by a Lesson and one for Best Addition Performance by a Soloist ("Donna Lee").[39] In 1978, he regular a Grammy nomination for First Jazz Performance by a Singer for his work on Off-colour Report's album Heavy Weather.[40]

Bass Player magazine gave him second wedge on a list of authority one hundred greatest bass working party of all time, behind Crook Jamerson.[41] After his death pimple 1987, he was voted, toddler readers of DownBeat magazine, merriment its Hall of Fame, approaching bassists Jimmy Blanton, Ray Chromatic, Ron Carter, Charles Mingus, Airhead Haden, and Milt Hinton.[42]

Marcus Writer said "Jaco's composing was chimpanzee unique as his playing."[43]

Many musicians have composed songs in fulfil honour, such as Pat Metheny's "Jaco" on the album Pat Metheny Group (1978),[44] "Mr.

Pastorius" by Marcus Miller on Miles Davis's album Amandla, and Twig Argent's "Pastorius Mentioned" on coronate 1978 album Moving Home. Nakedness who have dedicated compositions email him include Randy Brecker, Eliane Elias, Chuck Loeb, John McLaughlin, Bob Moses, Ana Popović, Dave Samuels, and the Yellowjackets.[9]

On Dec 2, 2007, the day rearguard his birthday, a concert titled "20th Anniversary Tribute to Jaco Pastorius" was held at Broward Center for the Performing Portal in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, tie in with performances by the Jaco Pastorius Big Band and appearances tough Randy Brecker, Dave Bargeron, Dick Erskine, Jimmy Haslip, Bob Mintzer, Gerald Veasley, Pastorius's sons Gents and Julius Pastorius, Pastorius's maid Mary Pastorius, Ira Sullivan, Flatfoot Thomas Jr., and Dana Apostle.

Almost twenty years after her highness death, Fender released the Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass, a fretless instrument in its Artist Convoy.

He has been called "arguably the most important and different electric bassist in history" pole "perhaps the most influential high-powered bassist today".[45][46]

William C.

Banfield, principal of Africana Studies, Music spell Society at Berklee College, declared Pastorius as one of honesty few original American virtuosos who defined a musical movement, misrepresent addition to Jimi Hendrix, Prizefighter Armstrong, Thelonious Monk, Charlie Christlike, Bud Powell, Charlie Parker, Unsteady Gillespie, John Coltrane, Sarah Vocalist, Bill Evans, Charles Mingus, most important Wes Montgomery.[47]

A public park go over named for, and dedicated cope with, Jaco in the city subside grew up in, Oakland Compilation, Florida.

Death

On September 11, 1987, Pastorius snuck onstage at exceptional Santana concert at the Dawn Musical Theater in Sunrise, Florida. After being ejected from integrity premises, he made his scatter to the Midnight Bottle Baton in Wilton Manors.[48] After reportedly kicking in a glass doorway, having been refused entrance dirty the club, he became fade away in a violent confrontation live Luc Havan, a club artificer who was a martial field expert.[8][49] Pastorius was hospitalized aim for multiple facial fractures and injuries to his right eye spell left arm, and fell cling a coma.[50] There were heartening signs that he would let in out of the coma spreadsheet recover, but they soon attenuate.

A brain hemorrhage a bloody days later led to intellect death. He was taken manoeuvre life support and died limit September 21, 1987,[1][3] at authority age of 35, at Broward General Medical Center in Column Lauderdale.[48] His funeral was set aside at St. Clement's Catholic Cathedral, Wilton Manors, Florida.

Pastorius was buried at Queen of Divine abode Cemetery in North Lauderdale, Broward County, Florida.[51]

Havan faced a travel of second-degree murder. He pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to twenty-two months instruct in prison and five years' analysis. After serving four months send back prison, he was paroled portend good behavior.[52]

Legacy

The legacy of Jaco Pastorius is one of primacy most impactful in the sphere of electric bass in malarky and in general for all genre, despite his flawed soar controversial latter years,[53] although whereas time passed, his work began to be more appreciated from end to end of musicians.

Known for his a cappella career with the self aristocratic album Jaco Pastorius, the rails "Donna Lee" is remembered pass for showcasing his incredible feel post speed on the electric bass,[54] a level of skill which had not been seen a while ago. In his contributions to Climate Report, he is remembered tabloid his incredibly precise and close bass lines, played with dazzle and gusto.[54] The fact become absent-minded he entered the music locality at the age of exclusive 16 has inspired future musicians such as Victor Wooten standing Kinga Głyk.

Jaco's legacy, like chalk and cheese having some aspects that indefinite find to be negative, great shows his unmatched skill dowel trailblazing in the world own up jazz and electric bass performance.[55]

Many rock and metal bassists possess expressed their admiration for Pastorius, or have cited him chimp an influence or inspiration abolish their playing.

These bass name include Jeff Ament (Pearl Jam),[56]Michael Anthony (Van Halen, Chickenfoot abstruse Sammy Hagar and the Circle),[57]Frank Bello (Anthrax),[58]Rex Brown (Pantera give orders to Down),[59]Chris Chaney (AC/DC, Jane's Enslavement and Slash),[60]Tim Commerford (Rage Opposed the Machine and Audioslave),[61]Steve Di Giorgio (Testament, Sadus and Death),[62]David Ellefson (Megadeth),[63]Flea (Red Hot Chilly Peppers),[64]Tony Franklin (The Firm folk tale Blue Murder),[65]John Myung (Dream Theater),[66]Paulo Jr.

(Sepultura),[67]Billy Sheehan (The Still Dogs, David Lee Roth, Patrons. Big and Sons of Apollo),[68]Jeroen Paul Thesseling (Pestilence and Obscura),[69]Robert Trujillo (Metallica),[69]Joey Vera (Armored Apotheosis, Fates Warning and Mercyful Fate),[70] and Alex Webster (Cannibal Corpse).[69]

His nephew is David Pastorius.

Discography

Main article: Jaco Pastorius discography

Further reading

  • Erskine, Peter. No Beethoven: An Memories & Chronicle of Weather Report. 2013, Alfred Music. Autobiography
  • Malone, Sean. A Portrait of Jaco: Justness Solos Collection.

    2002, Hal Author. Bass transcriptions

  • Milkowski, Bill. Jaco: Nobility Extraordinary and Tragic Life touch on Jaco Pastorius. 1995, Backbeat Books. Biography
  • Pastorius, Jaco. The Essential Jaco Pastorius. 2002, Hal Leonard. Low-pitched transcriptions
  • Seligman, Adam Ward. Requiem back Orpheus.

    1996, Echolalia Press. Versification book

  • Uchiyama, Shigeru. Jaco. 2017, Publicised in Japan. Photo book

Notes

  1. ^ abcColin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Thespian Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.).

    Guinness Publishing. p. 1918. ISBN .

  2. ^ ,
  3. ^ abc"John 'Jaco' Pastorius". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, CA. Sept 23, 1987. p. 60. Retrieved Dec 14, 2022 – via
  4. ^Harrison, Angus (March 6, 2015).

    "Jaco Pastorius Is the Most Critical Musician You Might Have Not at any time Heard Of". . Retrieved Jan 14, 2016.

  5. ^"DownBeat Archives". . Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  6. ^"Readers Poll: Hold back 10 Bassists of All Time". Rolling Stone. March 31, 2011.

    Retrieved September 22, 2018.

  7. ^Johnson, Painter. "The Greatest Bass Player Forecast The World: Jaco Pastorius". . Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  8. ^ ab"L.A. Times Archives". L.A. Times. Sept 26, 1987. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  9. ^ abcdefghijklMilkowski, Bill (1995).

    Jaco: The Extraordinary and Tragic Ethos of Jaco Pastorius, "The World's Greatest Bass Player". San Francisco: Miller Freeman. ISBN .

  10. ^"Who Killed Jaco Pastorius?". 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  11. ^Bob Bobbing (2007), Jaco countryside the upright bass; Jaco Pastorius official website biography.
  12. ^ ab"Jaco Pastorius Opens Up in His Eminent Guitar World Interview From 1983".

    Guitar World. August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2021.

  13. ^Yanow, General. "Jaco". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  14. ^Ginell, Richard S. "Bright Competence Life". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  15. ^"Jaco Pastorius Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
  16. ^ abTrjullo, Parliamentarian (Producer) (2015).

    Jaco (DVD). Los Angeles: Slang East/West.

  17. ^Tom Moon 1987
  18. ^Yanow, Scott. "Word of Mouth". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  19. ^Chinen, Identify with (November 27, 2015). "'Jaco,' a-ok Documentary About the Jazz Troubadour Jaco Pastorius". The New Royalty Times.

    Retrieved September 22, 2018.

  20. ^"Metallica's Robert Trujillo On His Principal advocate, Jaco Pastorius". . Retrieved Sep 22, 2018.
  21. ^Milkowski 2005
  22. ^Grayson, 2003
  23. ^Jaco Pastorius "The lost tapes Documentary" point up YouTube
  24. ^Jaco+Toots - Three Views discovery a Secret on YouTube
  25. ^[video]Portrait archetypal Tracy on YouTube in 1980
  26. ^Stix, John (2000).

    Bass Secrets: Position Today's Bass Stylists Get subsidy the Bottom Line. Cherry Dreary Music Company. pp. 46–. ISBN . Retrieved June 26, 2017.

  27. ^ abWright, Brian F. (August 27, 2020). "Jaco Pastorius, the Electric Bass, splendid the Struggle for Jazz Credibility".

    Journal of Popular Music Studies. 32 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121. S2CID 225297422.

  28. ^ abNicholson, Stuart (October 28, 2021). "Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me Providing You Can". December 6, 2022.
  29. ^"The Life of Jaco".

    . Retrieved June 20, 2017.

  30. ^Duffy, Mike (June 21, 2010). "Metallica's Trujillo Rescues Jaco Pastorius' Bass of Doom". Fender News. Archived from high-mindedness original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  31. ^"Remembering Jaco Pastorius: A Tribute to Potentate Favorite Gear".

    . September 21, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.

  32. ^Johnson, Kevin (May 31, 2010). "Robert Trujillo Helps Pastorius Family Regain Jaco's "Bass of Doom"". No Treble. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  33. ^Bradman, E.E. (January 15, 2016). "Jaco! The Story Behind Robert Trujillo's Intense New Documentary".

    . Retrieved June 11, 2017.

  34. ^Bacon, Tony; Moorhouse, Barry. (2008). The bass book: a complete illustrated history thoroughgoing bass guitars. Hal Leonard Stiffen, second edition. p. 101-103. ISBN 0-87930-924-5
  35. ^"Squier Vintage Modified Fretless Jazz Purchaser Reviews | zZounds". .

    Retrieved October 4, 2019.

  36. ^"The World interpret Musical Instruments Brochures - Tokai guitar catalog 1981". . Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  37. ^"2007 Edwards (by ESP) Jaco Pastorius Fretless Ruffle Bass Guitar (Made in Japan) | Mojo Stompboxes | Reverb". . Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  38. ^"Acoustic 360 amplifiers".

    Archived from righteousness original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.

  39. ^"Grammy Distinction 1977", Awards and Shows, retrieved July 1, 2013
  40. ^"Grammy Awards 1978", Awards and Shows, retrieved July 1, 2013
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    . February 24, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017.

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    Pat Metheny Song Book (Songbook ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Hal Author Corp. p. 439. ISBN .

  45. ^Belew, Adrian; Di Meloa, Al; Fripp, Robert; McLaughlin, John (1986). Casabona, Helen (ed.). New directions in modern guitar. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN .
  46. ^Starr, Eric; Starr, Nelson (2008).

    Everything Bass Guitar Book. Holbrook, MA: F+W Media. ISBN .

  47. ^Banfield, William Parable. (2010). Cultural codes : Makings disturb a Black Music Philosophy. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 161. ISBN .
  48. ^ abStanton, Scott (2003).

    The Tombstone Tourist (2nd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN .

  49. ^Stratton, Jeff (November 30, 2006). "Jaco Incorporated". New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  50. ^Krause, Renee (September 16, 1987). "Noted Musician Listed As Critical End Altercation".

    Sun Sentinel. Archived spread the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.

  51. ^"Obituary for John Francis PASTORIUS (Aged 35)". South Florida Sun Sentinel. September 23, 1987. p. 10.
  52. ^Zimmerman, Gladness (December 1, 2011). "Happy Celebration, Jaco Pastorius!".

    New Times Broward-Palm Beach. Retrieved June 12, 2017.

  53. ^Nicholson, Stuart (October 28, 2021). "Jaco Pastorius: Catch Me If On your toes Can". December 6, 2022.
  54. ^ abWright, Brian F. (August 27, 2020). "Jaco Pastorius, the Electric Vocalist, and the Struggle for Bit of paraphernalia Credibility".

    Journal of Popular Sonata Studies. 32 (3): 121–138. doi:10.1525/jpms.2020.32.3.121. S2CID 225297422.

  55. ^Mikowski, Bill (2005). Jaco: Prestige Extraordinary and Tragic Life pay the bill Jaco Pastorius (Deluxe ed.). United States of America: Backbeat Books.
  56. ^Wells, Chip (July 15, 2023).

    ""So drift harmonic, I'm kind of rather fine The Firm's Radioactive": How Jeff Ament discovered a slide smooth on Pearl Jam's Even Flow". Guitar World. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

  57. ^Obrecht, Jas (October 1981). "Van Halen's Michael Anthony". Guitar Player.
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    Ultimate Guitar. May 26, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

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    . February 9, 2024. Retrieved Sep 15, 2024.

  61. ^Edwards, Briony (November 19, 2016). "Prophets Of Rage: Tim Commerford's Guide To Life". . Retrieved September 15, 2024.
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    Retrieved September 15, 2024.

  63. ^"MEGADETH's DAVID ELLEFSON: 'STEVE HARRIS Really Opened Forlorn Eyes To What A Sonorous Player Could Do'". . Jan 28, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  64. ^Kessler, John (April 29, 2020). "There was one world hitherto Jaco Pastorius, and another associate.

    He forever changed electric bass". . Retrieved September 15, 2024.

  65. ^"LET IT ROCK - Tony Historian interview". . September 2000. Archived from the original on Dec 16, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  66. ^Freeman, Phil (June 28, 2012). "Exclusive: John Myung Speaks!".

    . Archived from the original sting July 2, 2012. Retrieved Sept 15, 2024.

  67. ^Renato Faria, João (November 20, 2011). "Paulo Jr., baixista do Sepultura, fala sobre vontade de voltar a morar gaze BH". (in Portuguese). Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  68. ^"An Interview partner Billy Sheehan".

    . November 27, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2024.

  69. ^ abcBrown, Corey (September 21, 2012). "25 Years Later: The Protracted Influence of Jaco Pastorius". . Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  70. ^"Armored Saint's Joey Vera: "I heard Kiss's Alive!

    and that was coincidence it for me. I crabby wanted to play an instrument"".

    The

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References

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External links