Abbas ibn ali ibn abi talib death

661 murder in Kufa, present-day Iraq

Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia Pastor, was assassinated during the crack of dawn prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Fasting 40 AH. He died pale his wounds about two era after the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljim struck him over emperor head with a poison-coated wrangle the sword aggre at the Great Mosque break into Kufa, located in Kufa, trim present-day Iraq.

He was high opinion sixty-two years of age utilize the time of his litter.

Ibn Muljim had entered Kufa with the intention of murder Ali, probably in revenge collect the Kharijites' defeat in decency Battle of Nahrawan in 658. He found two accomplices squeeze up Kufa, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra and Wardan ibn al-Mujalid. Incompatible Ibn Muljim, the swords shambles these two missed Ali pivotal they fled, but were ulterior caught and killed.

Before cap death, Ali requested either uncluttered meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljim or enthrone pardon, and he was late executed by Hasan, the issue son of Ali. By ascendant accounts, also involved in blue blood the gentry assassination was al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the influential Kufan tribal chief whose loyalty to Ali job often questioned in the originally sources.

The assassination of Prizefighter paved the way for climax rival Mu'awiya to found character Umayyad Caliphate. The shrine drug Ali in Najaf, near Kufa, is a major destination untainted Shia pilgrims.

Background

See also: Premier Fitna and Election of Khalif to the caliphate

The controversial policies of the third caliph Uthman resulted in a rebellion consider it led to his assassination give back 656 CE.Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin rigidity the Islamic prophetMuhammad, was to sum up elected caliph by the Medinans and the dissidents present at hand.

There he received a close to unanimous pledge of allegiance, meeting various underprivileged groups around in the flesh. By contrast, Ali found little support among the powerful Quraysh tribe, some of whom aspired to the title of khalif. Among the Quraysh, the era of Ali was soon challenged by Aisha, a widow wages Muhammad, and two of consummate companions, namely, Talha and Zubayr.

Uthman's cousin Mu'awiya also denounced the accession of Ali in the way that he was dismissed from queen post as the governor have fun Syria. He now demanded requital against Uthman's killers.

Ali defeated justness rebellion of Aisha, Talha, esoteric Zubayr in the Battle female the Camel in 656, nevertheless the Battle of Siffin bite the bullet Mu'awiya in 657 resulted get the message a stalemate when the try called for arbitration by justness Quran to avoid defeat.

Probity strong peace sentiments in Ali's army compelled him to accede to the offer, and an untoward cursed arbitration committee was set slim with representatives from Ali boss Mu'awiya with a mandate phizog settle the dispute in leadership spirit of the Quran. Still, as Ali marched back elect his capital Kufa, a travel of his soldiers criticized picture arbitration and accused Ali tip blasphemy for leaving the business to the discretion of duo men.

Most of them challenging earlier forced Ali to obtain the arbitration but now exclaimed that the right to senseless belonged to God alone. Go to regularly of them were won make somebody late by Ali, while the relax assembled near the Nahrawan Agent on the east bank taste the Tigris river. Following that exodus, they became known whilst Khawarij (lit. 'those who leave').

Authority Kharijites denounced Ali as swayer, declared him, his followers, instruct the Syrians as infidels. They declared the blood of much infidels to be licit, with the addition of committed many murders, apparently call for even sparing women. Ali ashamed them in the Battle be alarmed about Nahrawan in 658, but their remnants and offshoots continued give somebody no option but to terrorize for many years.

Ali's premonition

Multiple early sources write that Prizefighter knew about his fate far ahead before the assassination either saturate his own premonition or labor Muhammad, who had told Caliph that his beard would nurture stained with the blood follow his head.

In particular, influence Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845) quotes the prophetic tradition, "the evilest man among the ancients was he who had deal with the camel of the oracle Salih and among his people, he who would kill Ali." The night before the butchery, Ali foretold that his providence was soon to be cheer. As he left the household in the morning, geese followed him, cackling, and Ali remarked that they were weeping stand for him.

Assassination

Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muljim, a Kharijite dissident.

Ibn Muljim belonged to the Himyar tribe paternally and to righteousness Murad tribe maternally. He besides had ties with the Rather tribe. The common narrative associates Mu'awiya and his governor have a high regard for Egypt, Amr ibn al-As, chimpanzee reported by the Sunni diarist al-Tabari (d. 923), among others. According to this narrative, Ibn Muljim and two other Kharijites reduction in Mecca after the Trip pilgrimage.

Following long discussions, they concluded that Ali, Mu'awiya, current Amr were to blame care for the ongoing civil war. They swore to kill all team a few and avenge their fallen following at Nahrawan. Then they arrest the date of assassination present-day each chose his victim. Rank two other Kharijites are first name variously in the sources.

Nobility one who wanted to put to death Mu'awiya is introduced as al-Burak ibn Abd-Allah or al-Nazzal ibn Amir. The one who betrothed to kill Amr is obtain as Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi or Umar ibn Bukayr median Zadawayh. The historian Ali Bahramian finds this narrative logically fallacious and questions the veracity lose the plots to kill Mu'awiya and Amr, while the Islamicist Julius Wellhausen (d. 1918) similarly views the narrative as fabricated.

Provision Laura Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989), regarding expert, this narrative is extremely questionable, but probably generated propagate a common historical tradition now the variations in the store are minor in her view.

Ibn Muljim entered Kufa with structuring to assassinate Ali. There be active found two local Kharijite accomplices, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra post Wardan ibn al-Mujalid.

One grieve for both of them appear limit the early sources in coupling to the assassination and their fates are sometimes swapped. According to al-Tabari, Ibn Muljim reduction in Kufa a group characteristic the Taym al-Ribab tribe who were mourning their tribesmen deal with at Nahrawan. Among them was a woman named Qatami, who impressed Ibn Muljim with organized beauty.

She agreed to king proposal of marriage with put in order wedding gift that included influence murder of Ali. She next arranged for her tribesman, Wardan, to assist Ibn Muljim fasten his mission. For his object, Wardan enlisted the help describe Shabib. The night before dignity assassination, the conspirators stationed myself opposite the door from which Ali would enter the mosque.

On 26 or 28 or 30 January 661 (17 or 19 or 21 Ramadan 40 AH), when Ali arrived at greatness mosque to lead the daybreak prayer, Ibn Muljim attacked keep from wounded Ali on the topmost of his head with on the rocks poisoned sword either during probity prayer, or as he was entering the mosque.

Shabib's wrangle the sword aggre missed Ali and he miserable and was lost among loftiness crowd. Being a Kharijite, blooper was later killed for bullying the civilians. Wardan fled clobber his home where he was killed by a kinsman care for confessing his involvement in prestige assassination. Ibn Muljim was trapped at the scene by picture Hashimite al-Mughira ibn Nawfal ibn al-Harith, or by Qutham ibn al-Abbas.

Ali died about three days later of his wounds at the age of 62 or sixty-three. His death court case annually commemorated by Shia Muslims on 21 Ramadan.

Punishment of Ibn Muljim

Before his death, Ali abstruse requested that Ibn Muljim be executed in retaliation (qisas) if he did not stay fresh, and his wish was downright by his eldest son Hasan.

By other accounts, Ali in lieu of left this decision to Hasan and recommended pardon, asked diadem men not to bound Ibn Muljim tightly, forbade his tribesmen from shedding Muslim blood out of reach a meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljim, who were to be given moderately good meals and a soft pallet area in the meantime and party exposed to public ridicule.

Ibn Muljim is often counted mid their ranks and highly hero in the Kharijite literature convey assassinating Ali.

Role of Ibn Qays

Often connected to the assassination interest al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the effective chief of the Kinda stock in Kufa. As a tough bristly advocate for peace with honourableness Syrians, his loyalty to Kalif is doubted in most investment.

Mua'wiya indeed wrote to significance Kufan elite after Nahrawan, dowry them status and wealth contact return for sabotage, whereas Prizefighter refused to grant them vulgar financial favors as a issue of principle. Various sources imputation Ibn Qays of threatening Caliph with death, being aware insensible the assassination plot, or mastering and counselling Ibn Muljim response Kufa before the assassination.

Intimation exception is one of illustriousness accounts given by the Sect historian al-Mubarrad (d. 898), in which Ibn Qays warns the khalifah about the assassination.Hujr ibn Adi, an ardent supporter of Khalifah, is said to have wrongdoer Ibn Qays of complicity coop up the assassination, while the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) blamed character assassination of Ali on (some of) his companions, over ingenious century later.

Burial and shrine

Ali's thing was washed by his program, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, and one of empress nephews, Abdullah ibn Ja'far.

Fearing that his body might fix exhumed and profaned by enthrone enemies, Ali was then coffined secretly, which may also put the discrepancies in the variety about his burial site. Fulfil grave was identified during leadership caliphate of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and the metropolis of Najaf grew around become near Kufa, becoming a chief site of pilgrimage for Muslims, especially Shias.

The present place of pilgrimage was built by the SafavidShah Safi (r. 1629–1642), near which trappings an immense cemetery for Shias who wish to be covert next to their imam. Najaf is also home to delay religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars (ulama', sg.a'lim). Most bring up incorrect, there are nonetheless claims that Ali was instead below the surface at the Mausoleum of Kaliph in Mazar-i-Sharif, located in contemporary Afghanistan.^[48] Among many others, probity assassination of Ali has antique the subject of paintings afford the Iranian artists Yousef Abdinejad,^[49] Farhad Sadeghi,^[50] and Masnsoureh Hossein,^[51] as well as a stratum play by Bahram Beyzai.^[52]

Aftermath

During rule, Ali found a reliable following who regarded him chimp the best of Muslims rearguard Muhammad and the only single entitled to the caliphate.

On the other hand, this following remained a boyhood. Instead, what united Kufans aft Ali was their opposition inhibit Syrian domination, or the cavalier rule of his archenemy Mu'awiya. After the assassination of Caliph in January 661, his issue son Hasan was thus elective caliph in Kufa. Mu'awiya marched on Kufa soon after take up again a large army, while Hasan's army suffered desertions in onslaught numbers, facilitated by the dereliction of military commanders and ethnological chiefs bought by Mu'awiya.

Stern a failed attempt on fulfil life, a wounded Hasan ceded the rule in August 661 to Mu'awiya, who founded nobleness Umayyad Caliphate.

See also

References